For this work you have a final paper you have to write the rest of the paper so submission 4 submission 5A submission 5B submission 6put all the paper together on submission 6i have also attached my submission 1 submission 2 submission 3A and waiting on submission3B that will get done by tomorrow once i have that i will send it over to you so you can add that one too.if you need anything just let me know.
CIVE 2260 and 2261 Communications Project Information and Guidelines Revised 2022 Prepared by D. Dulaski, D. Saulnier, C. Shillaber, A. Myers, K. Schulte-Grahame, S. Cranford Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering, Northeastern University i Project Component of CIVE 2260: Materials for the Built Environment and CIVE 2261: Material Characterization Laboratory Copyright © 2019 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering For edits, questions, comments, contact: Dan Dulaski Associate Teaching Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering Northeastern University 400 Snell Engineering 360 Huntington Avenue Boston, MA 02115 617-373-2993
[email protected] Acknowledgements: J. Hajjar CEE Industrial Advisory Board ii Preface “A scrupulous writer, in every sentence that he writes, will ask himself at least four questions, thus: 1. What am I trying to say? 2. What words will express it? 3. What image or idiom will make it clearer? 4. Is this image fresh enough to have an effect?” ― George Orwell, Politics and the English Language (1947) How does an engineer communicate? One may say that an engineer can communicate with equations, calculations, design drawings and specifications, but that is when engineers exchange ideas with other engineers who speak the same technical language. Engineers must also express technical ideas to the non-engineers, which requires a fundamental oral and written communication skills. This is particularly important for Civil and Environmental Engineers, who commonly act as technical liaisons to the public, presenting and describing publicly funded infrastructure projects to municipalities and communities. Communication skills are a vital component of this, recognized by academia and industry alike. It is one of eleven key outcomes required by an undergraduate engineering program in the ABET Engineering Criteria. Ineffective and poor written communication in engineering workplaces were found to lead to misinterpretation, inefficiency and time wastage, thereby adversely affecting problem resolution. Indeed, communication skills are a valuable career enhancer. Communication skills are an essential component in the education of engineering students to prepare them for their future careers. During periodic discussion between the Department and the Industrial Advisory Board (IAB), it was suggested that many of our students who go out on co-op work could be better prepared for the communication and writing tasks of the profession. Our students were not bad writers per se, but there was room for improvement with a focus on technical writing as opposed to literary aims. As a direct result of these discussions, the Communications Program was born. The Communications Program is a multi-year initiative and commitment by the Department to integrate communication education (particularly writing and oral presentation skills) to the engineering curriculum. This includes projects at the freshman level, a research report at the sophomore level, and written reports and presentations at the senior capstone level. Here, a Communication Project is introduced into CIVE 2260 and 2261, which offers: (a) a wide variety of potential projects, and (b) access and integration of an experimental laboratory component. This project presented a nice opportunity to introduce a hands-on approach to scientific research, experimentation, and an associated report. This project manual is intended to outline the requirements of the Communications Project, and to provide some information and guidelines to the logistics of the project throughout the semester. Details neglected herein will be presented either in class or in the laboratory via lecture, or are assumed to have been part of your education prior to arrival at Northeastern University. Note also that the details listed herein may not encompass the full requirements of the project, and are subject to revision at the behest of the instructor or professor. Finally, have fun! iii Table of Contents Table of Contents iii Table of Contents - Figures iv Table of Contents - Tables v Part 1: Research Paper Overview 1 Preamble 1 Outline 1 Part 2: Required Sections and Submissions 2 Proposal 2 Abstract 3 Introduction 3 Literature Review 4 Plagiarism 5 Experimental Design 6 Methods and Theory 7 Analysis and Results 8 Conclusions and Recommendations 8 Submissions Summary 9 Submissions 9 Part 3: General Approaches to Effective Writing 11 General Tips 11 Content 13 Part 4: Formatting 16 Basic Page Format 16 Data, Figures and Tables 16 Table of Contents 18 Significant Figures 18 References 19 Part 5: Journal Articles 22 iv Table of Contents - Figures Figure Description Page 1 Figures with Legend Outside of Data Area (left) and Embedded in Data Area (right) 18 v Table of Contents - Tables Table Description Page 1 Research Paper Recommended Order and Section Lengths 9 2 Research Paper Submissions 10 3 Cylinder Lengths Before and After Testing 17 Communication Project Information & Guidelines 1 Part 1: Research Paper Overview Preamble The primary goal of the research paper is an objective and scientific evaluation of the properties and/or performance of a material. Over the semester, you will select a material (any material! be creative!) for which you perform several tests. It is your responsibility to research the material’s characteristics, design an experiment for testing the material, test the material, and report on the material’s properties. Summary: pick a material, research the material, test the material, report your findings. The paper will consist of six submittals: a proposal, four draft sections and a final paper. Each submittal will be reviewed and graded by a professional grader. Submitting partial draft sections will improve the final product, and will ensure that your approach is sound and the paper requirements are fulfilled. When writing, make sure that each section is long enough to cover the topic and meets the required word count. Note that figures and tables do not count towards the required word count. Please note that the topics described in each section below are ideas to motivate your creativity and thought process. Most, if not all, should be included in your write-up. Moreover, there may be others that should be included – be sure to include whatever is necessary to convey your ideas. Outline There are many ways to structure a technical report, but scientific papers generally follow a conventional format that includes a title, an abstract, references and the components of the IMRAD structure: Introduction, Methods, Results And Discussion. While all scientific research reports somewhat share this common organizational setup, there are multiple variations. The common structure of the report is to ensure ease of reading, and essentially follows the research process (literature review, followed by experimental design and testing, then analysis). You are basically telling a story of your experimental investigation. The discrete sections of a report also force the researcher to carefully distinguish the various aspects of the experiment. To guide you through the writing process and help with grading, we provide a standard outline that must be followed for this project. This outline is a variation of the IMRAD structure. The project consists of an initial proposal to be approved by the professor, and a main report. The sections of the main report are as follows: 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Literature Review 4. Methods and Theory 5. Experimental Design 6. Analysis and Results 7. Conclusions and Recommendations We proceed to look at each section in more detail. Communication Project Information and Guidelines Page 2 Part 2: Required Sections and Submissions Proposal 300 to 500 words Submission 1 This submission presents an over-arching question that you want answered. It should be broad enough to ensure flexibility in experimentation, yet focused enough to make sure that there is a clear path for research. Questions to answer in the proposal include: 1) What material is being researched, and what is its typical use? 2) What is a current shortcoming of the material? 3) What hypothesis will you test? 4) How will you test the hypothesis? In effect, the proposal will include prose identifying your question with a brief overview of how you plan to conduct your experiment to answer the question. This section must include a hypothesis. A simple example might be: Comparing Wood and Composite Hockey Sticks Ice hockey sticks were traditionally made of wood, until carbon fiber composite materials overtook the market. Now, greater than 90% of NHL players use composite sticks, due to their strength, flexibility and light weight. The materials to be researched are wood and carbon composite materials used for hockey sticks. My hypothesis is that composite hockey sticks perform better than wood sticks in terms of strength and bending stiffness. The strength and rigidity of a selection of hockey stick segments will be evaluated via three-point bending tests. Note that this example is a little under 100 words. However, including additional background, more description of the materials, and greater detail about the proposed experiment, and the word requirement will be easily met. Although a simple idea, this project was undertaken by a student in 2016 who received an A grade. The first step in any project is formulating a hypothesis. What is the reason for your research? What question do you want to answer? What do you want to show? Once you have a hypothesis, write it down on a card and put it in clear view when you are working on this project. With your hypothesis in place, everything else can be aligned. Everything that you do in the paper will be