For this component you will write a report or critique on the paper you chose from Assignment 1, the Presentation and Participation component above.Your report should be limited to approx. 1500 words (not including references). Use 1.5 spacing with a 12 point Times New Roman font. Though your paper will largely be based on the chosen article, you should use other sources to support your discussion or the chosen papers premises. Citation of sources is mandatory and must be in the IEEE style.I HAVE ATTACHED THAT YOU PROVIDED SOLUTION FOR ASSESSMENT 1 AND YOU SELECTED RESEARCH PAPR AND MY ASSESSMENT 2
ETHICAL FRAMEWORK FOR DESIGNING AUTONOMOUS INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS ETHICAL FRAMEWORK FOR DESIGNING AUTONOMOUS INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS Introduction Intelligent systems are changing the way we live and work Autonomous intelligent systems are increasing productivity, cost efficiency and safety Autonomy has been including self-governing behaviour, which requires intelligent decision-making abilities Situational awareness systems and autonomous decision-making relies heavily on artificial intelligence technologies Societal transition from ICT to AI is one of the biggest challenges With advancements in technology, intelligent systems have been becoming a part of our lives in one or the other form. Intelligent systems are changing the way we live and work. These systems are expected to increase productivity, cost efficiency and safety. Autonomous intelligent systems include autonomy. Autonomy has been including self-governing behaviour, which requires intelligent decision-making abilities. Situational awareness systems and autonomous decision-making relies heavily on artificial intelligence technologies [1]. As technology has advanced rapidly over the past decade, Societal transition from ICT to AI is one of the biggest challenges. IS have given rise to a plethora of ethical issues. 2 Overview of the Article The current article focuses on the ethical framework that is essential for designing autonomous intelligent systems The article discusses that to gain the potential benefit of autonomous intelligent systems, their design and development need to be aligned with fundamental values and ethical principles As mentioned in the article, the design methodologies, processes and approaches that have been identified should focus on ethical thoughts and actions before developing intelligent systems. This article focuses on the ethical framework that is essential for designing autonomous intelligent systems. Through this article it has been highlighted that to gain the potential benefit of autonomous intelligent systems, their design and development need to be aligned with fundamental values and ethical principles. According to the authors of the article, the design methodologies, processes and approaches that have been identified should focus on ethical thoughts and actions before developing intelligent systems [1]. 3 Purpose of the Article This article presents a review of ethical principles in the context of artificial intelligence design The article also aims at describing an ethical framework necessary for designing autonomous intelligent systems The article presents the ethical principles that necessary for the development of autonomous intelligence systems The article further suggests that situations and scenarios must be studied to capture the qualitative information of the users and stakeholders The article discusses that systematic analysis of ethical issues while developing intelligent systems is important as it may help to come up with socially aware systems. This article presents a review of ethical principles in the context of artificial intelligence design. The article also aims at describing an ethical framework necessary for designing autonomous intelligent systems. The article presents the ethical principles that necessary for the development of autonomous intelligence systems. The article further suggests that situations and scenarios must be studied to capture the qualitative information of the users and stakeholders 4 Approaches to Address Ethical Issues in Design Ethical decision making is necessary to come up with systems that are intelligent and are socially aware at the same time Value-sensitive design (VSD), refers to the need to identify early implicit values embedded in new technologies by focusing on the usage situations of technology Life-Based design (LBD), is an approach, which discusses the design that may bring goodness to the lives of the users. It focuses on the fact that technology must improve the quality of life people live Ethics are important for coming up with innovations and research, which is responsible There are a few approaches that focus explicitly on ethical decision making. Ethical decision making is necessary to come up with systems that are intelligent and are socially aware at the same time. Value-sensitive design (VSD), refers to the need to identify early implicit values embedded in new technologies by focusing on the usage situations of technology. Another important approach is Life-Based design (LBD), which discusses the design that may bring goodness to the lives of the users. It focuses on the fact that technology must improve the quality of life people live [2]. Ethics are important for coming up with innovations and research, which is responsible [4]. 5 Framework for Discussing and Analysing Ethical Issues This framework can be used in different phases of the design In the initial stage, ethics for design goals must be interpreted as design requirements The framework is based on the notion that the systems in the designing phase must be thoroughly analysed through identified ethical values To include ethics in the early phase of product lifecycle ensures that intelligent systems bring sustainability and are good for the society The framework that has been discussed in this article can be used for different phases of the design. As per the concepts of this framework, ethics for design goals must be interpreted as design requirements in the initial stage of development. The framework is based on the notion that the systems in the designing phase must be thoroughly analysed through identified ethical values [1]. 6 Framework for Discussing and Analysing Ethical Issues This framework follows an iterative method It broadly involves the users and the stakeholders It includes three steps: Identification of Ethical Principles and Values Affected by AIS Identification of Context-Specific Ethical Values Analysis and Understanding of Ethical Issues within the Context The framework that has been described in the article makes use of iterative procedures and broadly takes into consideration the users and stakeholders. The three steps that have been discussed in this framework are: Identification of Ethical Principles and Values Affected by AIS, Identification of Context-Specific Ethical Values and Analysis and Understanding of Ethical Issues within the Context. 7 Identification of Ethical Principles and Values Affected by AIS To understand ethics in design, ethical principles and values of the society must be understood Principlism can be used as an approach for ethical decision-making that focuses on the common ground moral principles Values for technology design and assessment should reflect the ethical values and norms of the given community According to the discussion done in the current article, to understand ethics in design, ethical principles and values of the society must be understood. Principlism can be used as an approach for ethical decision-making that focuses on the common ground moral principles. Values for technology design and assessment should reflect the ethical values and norms of the given community [3]. 8 Identification of Context-Specific Ethical Values An ethical issue arises when there is a dilemma between two simultaneous values Technology ethics takes into consideration the broader view, where the agents, the goal, and the context of the technology usage are discussed and deliberated, in order to analyse, argue and report the ethical dilemma and its solution This ethical case deliberation should be carried out in collaboration with relevant stakeholders, designers and ethical experts An ethical issue arises when there is a dilemma between two simultaneous values. Technology ethics takes into consideration the broader view, where the agents, the goal, and the context of the technology usage are discussed and deliberated, in order to analyse, argue and report the ethical dilemma and its solution. This ethical case deliberation should be carried out in collaboration with relevant stakeholders, designers and ethical experts [1]. 9 Understanding of Ethical Issues within the Context Ethical issues are analysed further to understand them, solve them and to translate them into design language This outcome contributes to the design requirements Ultimately, how ethical dilemmas are resolved depends on the context Ethical issues arise regarding the use of specific features and services rather than the inherent characteristics of the technology Ethical issues are analysed further to understand them, solve them and to translate them into design language. This outcome contributes to the design requirements. In the first step of the analysis, the goals and requirements may be more generic, but along with more detailed design, the requirements will become more detailed, as well. Ultimately, how ethical dilemmas are resolved depends on the context [1]. Ethical issues arise regarding the use of specific features and services rather than the inherent characteristics of the technology. 10 Conclusion The developed framework introduces the justification and identification of the ethical principles for a specific case study The purpose of the article is to come up with a framework that engage different stakeholders—ethical experts, technology developers, end users and other relevant parties—in adopting a common multi-perspective yet a systematic discussion during an AIS design process The framework is based on a human-centred design tradition The developed framework introduces the justification and identification of the ethical principles for a specific case study. The purpose of the article is to come up with a framework that engage different stakeholders—ethical experts, technology developers, end users and other relevant parties—in adopting a common multi-perspective yet a systematic discussion during an AIS design process. The framework is based on a human-centred design tradition. 11 Bibliography [1] Arkin, R.C., 2016. Ethics and autonomous systems: Perils and promises [point of view]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 104(10), pp.1779-1781. [2] De Graaf, M.M. and Malle, B.F., 2017, October. How people explain action (and autonomous intelligent systems should too). In 2017 AAAI Fall Symposium Series. [3] Leikas, J., Koivisto, R. and Gotcheva, N., 2019. Ethical framework for designing autonomous intelligent systems. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 5(1), p.18. [4] Trentesaux, D. and Karnouskos, S., 2019, October. Ethical Behaviour Aspects of Autonomous Intelligent Cyber-Physical Systems. In International Workshop on Service Orientation in Holonic and Multi-Agent Manufacturing (pp. 55-71). Springer, Cham. Ethical Framework for Designing Autonomous Intelligent Systems Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity Article Ethical Framework for Designing Autonomous Intelligent Systems Jaana Leikas *, Raija Koivisto and Nadezhda Gotcheva VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., FI-30100 Tampere, Finland; raija.koivisto@vtt.fi (R.K.); Nadezhda.Gotcheva@vtt.fi (N.G.) * Correspondence: jaana.leikas@vtt.fi Received: 29 January 2019; Accepted: 5 March 2019; Published: 13 March 2019 ���������� ������� Abstract: To gain the potential benefit of autonomous intelligent systems, their design and development need to be aligned with fundamental values and ethical principles. We need new design approaches, methodologies and processes to deploy ethical thought and action in the contexts of autonomous intelligent systems. To open this discussion, this article presents a review of ethical principles in the context of artificial intelligence design, and introduces an ethical framework for designing autonomous intelligent systems. The framework is based on an iterative, multidisciplinary perspective yet a systematic discussion during an Autonomous Intelligent Systems (AIS) design process, and on relevant ethical principles for the concept design of autonomous systems. We propose using scenarios as a tool to capture the essential user’s or stakeholder’s specific qualitative information, which is needed for a systematic analysis of ethical issues in the specific design case. Keywords: autonomous systems; autonomous intelligent systems; artificial intelligence; AI; ethics; design 1. Introduction “A water metro”, an autonomous ferry is transferring passengers across/along the river, from the harbor in downtown to outer skirts of the city, and back. The ship has no crew.