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Research Long-Term Effects of Traf?c-Related Air Pollution on Mortality in a Dutch Cohort (NLCS-AIR Study) 1 1 2 3 4 2 Rob Beelen, Gerard Hoek, Piet A. van den Brandt, R. Alexandra Goldbohm, Paul Fischer, Leo J. Schouten, 5 6 7 1,8 Michael Jerrett, Edward Hughes, Ben Armstrong, and Bert Brunekreef 1 2 Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department 3 of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; TNO Quality of Life, Department of Prevention and Health, Leiden, 4 the Netherlands; Centre for Environmental Health Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, 5 6 the Netherlands; School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; Edward Hughes Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, 7 8 Canada; Public and Environmental Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands et al. 1990b). For the emerging cases and the BACKGROUND: Several studies have found an effect on mortality of between-city contrasts in randomly selected subcohort, the remaining 10 long-term exposure to air pollution. The effect of within-city contrasts is still poorly understood. questionnaire pages (not machine readable) OBJECTIVES: We studied the association between long-term exposure to traf?c-related air pollution were manually entered, blinded with respect to and mortality in a Dutch cohort. case–subcohort status. The exact residential METHODS: We used data from an ongoing cohort study on diet and cancer with 120,852 subjects address at baseline was available for all study who were followed from 1987 to 1996. Exposure to black smoke (BS), nitrogen dioxide, sulfur participants. dioxide, and particulate matter = 2.5 µm (PM ), as well as various exposure variables related to 2.5 Mortality...