For these brief descriptions of research, identify the level of constraint. a. A therapist has several clients with similar problems. He compares their statements in therapy to see what might be...

For these brief descriptions of research, identify the level of constraint.

a. A therapist has several clients with similar problems. He compares their statements in therapy to see what might be common among all of the cases.

b. A researcher compares participants’ reaction times to visual stimuli in a laboratory setting.

c. Two groups of rats are compared for their accuracy in running a maze. One group is fed just before the maze running, and the other is fed 4 hours earlier.

d. Third-grade and sixth-grade classes are compared based on their taste preferences.

e. A researcher observes prairie dog colonies to learn more about their behavior.

f. A researcher evaluates the relationship between the number of calories consumed and weight.