For the hypothetical forecast and observed 500-mb fields in Figure 8.33, a. Calculate the S1 score, comparing the 24 pairs of gradients in the north-south and east-west directions. b. Calculate the...

For the hypothetical forecast and observed 500-mb fields in Figure 8.33,

a. Calculate the S1 score, comparing the 24 pairs of gradients in the north-south and east-west directions.

b. Calculate the MSE.

c. Calculate the skill score for the MSE with respect to the climatological field.

d. Calculate the centered AC.

e. Calculate the uncentered AC.