For private firm, Altman adjusts the public model by changing the numerator for the variable X4 from the market value of equity to the book value of equity. The revised model follows: Z = .717 (X...

For private firm, Altman adjusts the public model by changing the numerator for the variable X4 from the market value of equity to the book value of equity. The revised model follows:
Z = .717 (X1) + .847 (X2) + 3.11 (X3) + .420 X4 + .998 (X5)

Where:
X1 = Net Working Capital/Total assets
X2 = Retained Earnings/Total Asset
X3 = Earnings before interest and taxes/Total Assets
X4 = Book value of equity/Book value of Total Liabilities
X5 = Sales/Total Assets

The model predict bankruptcy when Z < 1.23.="" the="" range="" between="" 1.23="" and="" 2.90="" is="" labeled="" the="" “grey="">
The following table presents the independent variables from the three companies at the end of 2011.

a) Calculate Altman Z-score for each company and interpret the results.
b) Calculate the debt ratio for each of the companies.
c) Explain the impact of increase debt ratio to Altman Z-score.

Extracted text: Independent Variable АВС, Inc. KLM, Inc. XYZ, Inc. X1 0.075 - 0.115 - 0.321 X2 0.767 0.895 0.605 X3 0.095 - 0.075 - 0.108 X4 2.500 1.250 1.125 X5 0.900 1.286 0.710