For each situation, compute and interpret the appropriate measure of association. Also, compute and interpret percentages for bivariate tables. Describe relationships in terms of the strength and pattern or direction.
a. For 10 Canadian cities, data have been gathered on rates of property crime (theft, breaking and entering, fraud) per 100,000 population and the percentage of people who are new immigrants (arrived in Canada within the past five years). Are the variables related?
b. There is some evidence that people’s involvement in their communities (membership in voluntary organizations, participation in local politics, and so forth) has been declining, and television has been cited as the cause. Do the data below support the idea that TV is responsible for the decline?
c. An international magazine has rated countries in terms of “quality of life” (a scale that includes health care, availability of leisure facilities, unemployment rate, and a number of other variables) and quality of the system of higher education. Both scales range from 1 (low) to 20 (high). Is there a correlation between these two variables for the 10 countries listed below?
d. The number of Canadian employees doing telework—scheduled work from home—has grown sharply over the past decade, with advancements in information technology and telecommunications. The table below shows the relationship between marital status and telework arrangement, if any, for a random sample of Canadian employees. Is there a relationship between these variables?