For a 20-year period beginning in 1986, the NYSE was regularly criticized for making less use of electronic and computer technology than most of its competitors around the world, even less than...

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Extracted text: For a 20-year period beginning in 1986, the NYSE was regularly criticized for making less use of electronic and computer technology than most of its competitors around the world, even less than exchanges in emerging and developing countries, and less than exchanges just starting business. The NYSE would argue that its specialist system required more face- to-face contact than other non-specialist exchanges. How have the changes in recent years affected the role of the specialist?