Following are brief descriptions of research projects. For each one identify (a) which is the independent variable and what type of independent variable it is, (b) which is/are the dependent...

Following are brief descriptions of research projects. For each one identify (a) which is the independent variable and what type of independent variable it is, (b) which is/are the dependent variable(s), and (c) the level of measurement and type of data for each dependent variable.

a. In a study on the effects of television violence on aggressive behavior, schoolchildren are assigned to two conditions. In one condition, the participants watch a typical half hour of television in which eight violent acts are portrayed (aggressive TV condition); in the other condition, the participants watch a half hour of television in which no violent acts are portrayed (nonaggressive TV condition). Following the TV viewing, the researcher observes the participants in a playroom for aggressive behavior. The hypotheses are that the group exposed to aggressive TV (1) will engage in a greater number of aggressive acts, and (2) will engage in more highly aggressive acts than the participants in the nonaggressive TV condition. The rating will use a five-point rating scale in which the units are not equal intervals.

b. The researcher times college students on how quickly they solve a series of puzzles. The researcher tells one-third of the participants that they will be paid more if they solve the problems quickly and one-third that they will be paid a fixed amount. The last third are not told anything about being paid.