Answer To: Focus on Walpola Rahula’s What the Buddha Taught , the Dalai Lama’s Freedom in Exile and...
Aparna Rajak answered on Apr 08 2021
Analyze the Buddhist Four Noble Truths via Livingston’s Components/Elements of a Religious Worldview in whatever manner you find appropriate.
The Four Nobel truths of Buddha are:
1. “Dukkha - suffering
2. Samudaya – The reason for suffering
3. Nirodha – end of suffering and its causes
4. Magga- Path to the cessation of suffering”
Dukkha - “Dukkha” is a Pali word and the first noble truth of Buddhism which means suffering, pain, misery, sorrow and grief (Nyanatiloka 1980, p.65 ) Many scholars translated Dukkha as “The Noble Truth of Suffering”. Dukkha apart from the ordinary meaning of sorrow, it includes ‘emptiness’, ’imperfection’, ’insubstantiality Buddhism which has a deeper ideas
Buddhism is realistic, as it is based on the realistic view of the word and of the life. Therefore, it can neither be regarded as optimistic nor pessimistic. It explains things objectively (yathabhutam). It means, it does not falsely lull you into believing or living in a state of false hope nor does it scare and agonize you with the unreal fears and sins. It explains you objectively and correctly “what are you” and “the world around you is” and leads you to the way to achieve peace, freedom, happiness and tranquillity.
Samudaya – The second Noble truth is the based on the reason for suffering or arising of Dukkha. The most appropriate definition of the second noble truth is “It is this "thirst" (craving, tanha) which produces re-existence and re-becoming (ponobhavika), and which is bound up with passionate greed (nandiragasahagata), and which finds fresh delight now here and now there (tatratatrabhinandini), namely, (1) thirst for sense-pleasures (kama-tanha), (2) thirst for existence and becoming (1bhava-tanha) and (3) thirst for non-existence (self-annihilation, vibhava-tanha).”It means that due to “thirst” craving, greed, desire and showing this is various ways leads to all forms of sufferings and continuity of beings. But it cannot be always be considered as the first cause, as there can be no first cause possible and all are interdependent and inter-related according to Buddhism. Because even the “thirst” tanha which is regarded as the reason for Dukkhha depends on its arising (Samudaja) on something else which is sensation (vedana) and sensation causes based on contact (phassa), and the circle goes on so on which is called as Conditioned Genesis (Paticca-samuppada).
Nirodha – The third noble truth is Nirodha that means the end of dukkha. Nirodha represents freedom from suffering, liberation and emancipation from the endurance of dukkha. This is referred as the Noble Truth of “the Cessation of dukkha (Dukkhanirodhaariyasacca), which is also called Nibbdna, In Sanskrit it is referred as Nirvana. The definition of Nirvana in original Pali Text “'It is the complete cessation of that very 'thirst' (tanha), giving it up,...