First consider this article on antimicrobial resistance. http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z8kccdmAntimicrobial resistance is an emerging global public health problem that has been linked to the use of...

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First consider this article on antimicrobial resistance. http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z8kccdmAntimicrobial resistance is an emerging global public health problem that has been linked to the use of antibiotics by the livestock industry, doctors over prescribing antibiotics and people not taking a full course of antibiotics.? Construct a research question that seeks to address a specific aspect of the issue of antimicrobial resistant bacteria.? Select 5 studies relevant to your research question about antimicrobial resistant bacteria (a mixture of observational and RCTs, supporting and not supporting the hypothesis).? Rank the studies according to the FORM (Hillier et al., 2011) or GRADE levels of evidence (TheGRADE Working Group, 2008).? Review the frameworks in the Learning Resources (Bonita et al., 2006, Rychetnick et al.,2006,Young & Solomon, 2009 and the critical appraisal skills program (CASP) checklist).Write a 2,500-word paper that includes:


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ASSESSMENT BRIEF Subject Code and Title PUBH6005: Epidemiology Assessment Assessment 4: Critical Appraisal Essay Individual/Group Individual Length 2,500 words This assessment addresses the following learning outcomes: Learning Outcomes 1. Apply common epidemiological concepts including incidence and prevalence of disease, mortality and survival and age standardisation 2. Recognise the role of exposure to biological, behavioural, social and environmental risks in disease patterns 3. Differentiate between different types of research designs, including observation and experimental and mixed methods designs 4. Assess levels of evidence and make recommendations 5. Interpret data arising from surveillance and research studies, including rates and ratios 6. Understand the difference between association and causation, statistical and public health significance 7. Analyse the role of epidemiology in screening and prevention programs, and assess the sensitivity and specificity of programs 8. Critically evaluate epidemiological studies, including potential for bias, confounding and chance errors 9. Identify key health indicators and sources of data Due Sunday following the end of Module 6 at 11:55pm Submission AEST/AEDT* Weighting 40% Total Marks 100 marks *Please Note: This time is Sydney time (AEST or AEDT). Please convert to your own time zone (eg. Adelaide = 11:25pm). PUBH6005_Assessment Brief 4 Page 1 of 8Instructions: Thousands of health and medical research studies are published each year, often reporting conflicting conclusions for the same issue. Therefore, a critical appraisal of studies to determine the strengths and weaknesses of research articles is the cornerstone of evidence based policy development, program development and implementation, hospital and primary care, health promotion and chronic disease management. This module builds on the last one where we learned to evaluate the validity of observed...



005_gym5a5o-okakkkym.pdf
Answered Same DayDec 27, 2021

Answer To: First consider this article on antimicrobial resistance....

David answered on Dec 27 2021
120 Votes
Introduction: Whenever a person becomes ill takes antibiotics to kill sensitive bacteria
however resistant bacteria grows and multiply which, more harmful. Therefore, evolution of
resistance bacteria to antimicrobial drugs consider to be the universal public health issue. As
when antimicrobial resistance bacteria occurs, diminishes or eliminates the efficiency of
antimicrobial drugs such as antivirals, antimalarial and antibiotics which effect standard
treatments fruitless, infections continue and may spread to others in addition to it an
individual stop taking antibiotics and leave the treatment in the middle. There are numerous
reasons for Antimicrobial resistance that are harder to identify, control and which last much
longer within the body. Antimicrobial Resistance can develop not only in bacteria but also
develop in fungi (e.g. Candida), and viruses (e.g. HIV) and parasites (e.g. malaria).
Background: Resistance of Antimicrobial means the microbe ability, may be in the form of
bacteria, fungus, viruses or parasites which resist the drugs activities that destroys the
development of sensitive bacteria or microbes causing disease. Antimicrobial resistance
bacteria (AMR) can be develop through many factors like biological and societal reasons.
Mutation, Selective pressure and gene transfer are biological reasons while inadequate
diagnostics, inappropriate use, agricultural use and hospital use are basic reasons of societal
reasons. In present scenario, due to the use of various antimicrobial agents in animal and
gross misapplication in antimicrobials either for remedial use or to increase business like
injections which increase AMR bacteria and transferred to humans.in form of food products
at alarming rate
The environmental microbiome are also effected by the agricultural practise of antibiotics
.The antibiotics given to cattle‘s are excreted in urine and stool, widely spread through
fertilizer and groundwater. In addition, pesticides sprayed on fruit trees also adds micro-
organisms to grow-inhibit agents in the environment which results of increasing the
Comment [PS1]: Possible sources:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.
1365-2796.2008.01940.x/full
http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D2005.PDF
Comment [PS2]: Possible source:
https://archive.org/stream/emerging-
infectious-diseases-volume-11-issue-
10/emerging-infectious-diseases-volume-11-
issue-10_djvu.txt
Comment [PS3]: Possible source:
https://archive.org/stream/emerging-
infectious-diseases-volume-11-issue-
10/emerging-infectious-diseases-volume-11-
issue-10_djvu.txt
Comment [PS4]: Possible sources:
https://archive.org/stream/emerging-
infectious-diseases-volume-11-issue-
10/emerging-infectious-diseases-volume-11-
issue-10_djvu.txt
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC3366764/
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/10/05-
1014_article
http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/16054/cdc_16
054_DS6.txt
http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles
/PMC3366764/ ...
Comment [PS5]: Possible sources:
http://emerald.tufts.edu/med/apua/about_iss
ue/Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK971...
Comment [PS6]: Possible sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK971
26/
https://archive.org/stream/emerging- ...
Comment [PS7]: Possible sources:
https://archive.org/stream/emerging-
infectious-diseases-volume-11-issue-
10/emerging-infectious-diseases-volume-11- ...
Comment [PS8]: Possible sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK971
26/
https://www.nap.edu/read/10651/chapter/7
Comment [PS9]: Citation, sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK971
26/ ...
Comment [PS10]: Possible source:
https://archive.org/stream/emerging-
infectious-diseases-volume-11-issue- ...
Comment [PS11]: Possible source:
https://ec.europa.eu/health/amr/sites/amr/fil
es/amr_guidelines_prudent_use_en.pdf
Comment [PS12]: Possible sources:
https://archive.org/stream/emerging-
infectious-diseases-volume-11-issue-
10/emerging-infectious-diseases-volume-11- ...
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percentage of resistant microorganisms. Various practices use in hospitals also increase
antimicrobial resistance bacteria. Hospitals indeed are fertile grounds for breeding resistant
microbes. ―Transmission of drug-resistant organisms among patients may be airborne, from a
point source (such as contaminated equipment), or by direct or indirect contact with a
contaminated environment or the contaminated hands of staff. Failure of health care workers
to practice simple control measures.‖[1] Example hand washing and changing gloves. Is pre-
existing resistance bacteria through biological and societal factors is the major reason of
antimicrobial resistance bacteria? Few diseases like malaria parasites are transmitted through
mosquitoe bite. Tuberculosis (TB), severe airborne disease caused by bacterial infection.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial infection. Gonorrhea, by sexually
transferred disease. Escherichia coli, E. coli, is a bacterium urinary tract infection.
Antimicrobial drug resistance, over the last few years, pathogenic bacteria from humans have
developed. ―Emergence can result from mutations in housekeeping structural or regulatory
genes or from acquiring foreign genetic information. Dissemination can occur at the level of
the bacteria (clonal spread), replicons (plasmid epidemics), or of the genes
(transposons).These 3 levels of dissemination, which coexist in nature, Clonal dissemination
is associated with chromosome replication, plasmid conjugation with replicative transfer, and
gene migration with replicative transposition‖ [2]. ―The spread of resistance has repeatedly
been shown to be associated with antimicrobial drug use [3], which stresses the importance of
the prudent use of these drugs; a notion reinforced by the observation that resistance is slowly
reversible [4,5].
Keywords Antimicrobial resistance, community onset, genetic, Meta-analysis, clinical
isolates.
Methods:
Comment [PS13]: Possible sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK971
26/
https://archive.org/stream/emerging-
infectious-diseases-volume-11-issue-
10/emerging-infectious-diseases-volume-11-
issue-10_djvu.txt
https://www.nap.edu/read/10651/chapter/7
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.
1365-2796.2008.01940.x/full
http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D2005.PDF
Comment [PS14]: Possible source:
https://archive.org/stream/emerging-
infectious-diseases-volume-11-issue- ...
Comment [PS15]: Possible source:
https://archive.org/stream/emerging-
infectious-diseases-volume-11-issue- ...
Comment [PS16]: Possible source:
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/biol_hazard
s/methicillin.html
Comment [PS17]: Possible sources:
https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00390.as
p ...
Comment [PS18]: Possible sources:
https://archive.org/stream/emerging-
infectious-diseases-volume-11-issue-
10/emerging-infectious-diseases-volume-11- ...
Comment [PS19]: Citation, sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC3366764/
https://archive.org/stream/emerging- ...
Comment [PS20]: Possible sources:
https://archive.org/stream/emerging-
infectious-diseases-volume-11-issue-
10/emerging-infectious-diseases-volume-11- ...
Comment [PS21]: Citation, sources:
https://archive.org/stream/emerging-
infectious-diseases-volume-11-issue-
10/emerging-infectious-diseases-volume-11- ...
Comment [PS22]: Citation, sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC3366764/
https://archive.org/stream/emerging- ...
Comment [PS23]: Possible sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC3366764/
https://archive.org/stream/emerging- ...
Comment [PS24]: Possible sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC3366764/
https://archive.org/stream/emerging- ...
Comment [PS25]: Possible sources:
https://archive.org/stream/emerging-
infectious-diseases-volume-11-issue-
10/emerging-infectious-diseases-volume-11- ...
http://www.plagscan.com/highlight?doc=115366438&source=7&cite=9&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK97126%2F#jump
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Antimicrobials resistance bacteria is a global problem at increasing rate and has vital
importance in health care. Current resource of antimicrobial drugs has limited lifetime
hence, urgently need of new drugs. Handling, resistance bacteria will require a deep
consideration of microbial infections and the application through which resistance
arises, as well as intensive efforts between academia and industry aimed at emerging novel
antimicrobial agents.
Study design:
This study, Did pre-existing resistance bacteria developed through sectoral factors, one of the
major reason of antimicrobial resistance bacteria world-wide.
Strategy of Literature review :
Web-based search through Google Scholar, and the Directory of Open Access Journals
(DOAJ) conducted in 2017, journals from biomedical central, journals from U.S. National
library of medicine national Institute of Health. Google search from published works with
government documents. Relevant search results were separately downloaded and entered into
End Note. The reference lists of the recognised studies were used. To search the related
articles keywords Antimicrobial resistance, Predicators, Prevalence, Factors, Threats,
antibacterial resistance. Using Boolean search technique with Key items and the search is
based on year and language of publication.
Selection procedures and criteria
Study selection, executed at levels. First, the titles and abstracts of all retrieved articles were
reviewed if they did discourse the study question then grouped ―eligible for study‖ otherwise
―ineligible for study‖. Second, for full detail articles grouped under ―eligible for study‖, were
reviewed.
All articles data are based on the predetermined included criteria , they are as follows
Comment [PS26]: Citation, source:
https://archive.org/stream/emerging-
infectious-diseases-volume-11-issue-
10/emerging-infectious-diseases-volume-11-
issue-10_djvu.txt
Comment [PS27]: Possible source:
http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jm.2007.216.
227
Comment [PS28]: Citation, source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resist
ance
Comment [PS29]: Possible source:
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/article
s/10.1186/s13756-017-0243-7
Comment [PS30]: Possible source:
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/article
s/10.1186/s13756-017-0243-7
Comment [PS31]: Possible source:
http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_
record.asp?src=trip&ID=CRD42016035404
Comment [PS32]: Possible source:
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/article
s/10.1186/s13756-017-0243-7
Comment [PS33]: Possible source:
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/article
s/10.1186/s13756-017-0243-7
Comment [PS34]: Possible sources:
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/article
s/10.1186/s13756-017-0243-7
http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_
record.asp?src=trip&ID=CRD42016035404
Comment [PS35]: Possible source:
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/article
s/10.1186/s13756-017-0243-7
Comment [PS36]: Possible source:
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/article
s/10.1186/s13756-017-0243-7
Comment [PS37]: Possible source:
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/article
s/10.1186/s13756-017-0243-7
Comment [PS38]: Possible sources:
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/article
s/10.1186/s13756-017-0243-7 ...
Comment [PS39]: Possible sources:
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/article...
Comment [PS40]: Possible source:
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/article...
Comment [PS41]: Possible sources:
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/article...
Comment [PS42]: Possible source:
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/article...
Comment [PS43]: Possible sources: ...
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