FEMA and other civil agencies of U.S. government recognize human-caused hazards, mainly in distinction from natural hazards, and mainly to mean terrorism (FEMA, 2005, pp. 1–2). In March 2009, a newly...

FEMA and other civil agencies of U.S. government recognize human-caused hazards, mainly in distinction from natural hazards, and mainly to mean terrorism (FEMA, 2005, pp. 1–2). In March 2009, a newly appointed U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security (Janet Napolitano) attempted to replace terrorism with man-caused disasters, although the attempt was ridiculed. Such a term is dissatisfying because it would conflate intentional and malicious threats with mancaused accidents.