Can you solve this?

Can you solve this?


ENV 312 Homework Assignment 4 Paleoclimate Show all work. Homeworks can be either written or typed but must be clear and legible. Carbon Dating 1. a) A substance starts out with 1,000g. How much would be left after 4 half-lives? b) If its half-life equals 350 years, how many years would it take to go through 4 half-lives? c) Substance X has a half-life of 3,750 years. If it started out with 50g, and now has 12.5g, how old is it? d) If I have 10g of Substance X to start with, how much is left after 7,500 years? Orbital Theory (These are derived from Critical-Thinking Problem 2 parts a, b, & c (NOT d) from Chapter 14 of The Earth System.) 2. a) At the beginning of the semester, we learned the Earth is 1 AU (Astronomical Unit) from the Sun, which is a certain amount of kilometers or miles away. However, in paleoclimate, we learned the Sun is not always directly in the center of Earth’s orbit around the Sun. The closer distance is called perihelion, and the longer distance aphelion. If the axis (a) from Earth to the Sun = 1 AU, and the eccentricity (e) = 0.017, then use the following formulas to calculate the actual distance of the Earth from the Sun during Northern Hemisphere summer (aphelion) and Northern Hemisphere winter (perihelion). Perihelion = a - (a x e) Aphelion = a + (a x e) b) Using the distances you just calculated, use the Inverse-Square Law to determine the difference in solar flux at aphelion and perihelion. (Recall that solar flux at 1 AU is 1370 W/m2). c) Use the solar flux you calculated in the last question to determine the effective radiating temperature of the planet for aphelion and perihelion (albedo is still 0.3). 3. Repeat the previous questions (a – c), but this time, use Earth’s maximum eccentricity of 0.06, to calculate the distances, solar flux, and effective radiating temperatures for maximum eccentricity, at both perihelion and aphelion. 4. How different is what you previously calculated from Earth’s current effective radiating temperature – 255K? Extra Credit The following information will be helpful in solving the next two problems (you must show work to get the credit): N(t) = N0e − 0.0001216 t Carbon has a half-life of 5,730 years. 1. Calculate the amount of 14C remaining in a sample. Suppose an organism has 20g of 14C at its time of death. Approximately how much 14C remains after 10,320 years? 2. Approximately how old is a fossil with 12g of 14C if it initially possessed 32 g of 14C?