Answer To: Elements of an Offender-Based Presentence Report CJ433 UNIT 2 ASSIGNMENT WORKSHEET Elements of an...
Insha answered on Apr 03 2022
Running Head: CAPSTONE 1
CAPSTONE 12
CAPSTONE
Table of Contents
1. Causation of Crime 3
Effect of Theories 3
Intertwined or Not 3
2. Short Paper: Criminological Theory 4
Biological 4
Sociological 5
Strain Theory 5
Social Learning 5
Control Theories 5
Psychological 6
3. Reflection Referring to Short Paper 7
4. Journal 7
5. Topic 1: Sentencing Guidelines 8
6. Topic 2: Probation Sentences 9
7. Unit 2 Assignment: The PSI Template 9
8. Journal: Summarizing an Article 9
References 11
1. Causation of Crime
Effect of Theories
Until recently, criminological research concentrated solely on social factors. When biological and genetic elements are taken into account, the aetiology of criminal conduct can be better understood. There are three important sociological theories: strain, social learning, and control theories (Wikstrom, Mann & Hardie, 2018). The assumption that biological elements moderate this association is based on evidence showing the importance of genetic variables in the genesis of criminal behaviour. Psychologists are dedicated to the scientific investigation of human behaviour, with a focus on testable and falsifiable ideas. Psychological theories are founded on longitudinal schooling, which tracks each person throughout time. Sociologists view offending as a type of conduct that is similar to hostile behaviour in many ways (Robbins & Litton, 2018). The study of crime might include heavy drinking, drug use, risky driving, institutional issues, work issues, and other issues.”
Intertwined or Not
The psychological and sociological underpinnings of crime are inextricably linked and are not technically separate. Criminality is examined from the perspective of its social formation as well as its social causes (Robbins & Litton, 2018). There are different social formulations of the causation and control of crime, just as there are numerous psychiatric theories. We will define sociological conceptions of crime as an attempt to link concerns of individual criminality to wider social structures and cultural values of society, family, or peer group. On the other hand, biological theories are independent. While several research show a link between antisocial personality disorders or criminal conduct and genetics, no policies advocating for selective breeding, genetic testing, or other measures for offenders have been enacted (Wikstrom et al., 2018).
2. Short Paper: Criminological Theory
Biological
"The interplay of biological elements that lead to criminal behaviour is complex. The terms 'biological' and 'genetic' are frequently interchanged, owing to the fact that they refer to overlapping sources of influence. Biological factors are a broader category that includes physiological, biochemical, neurological, and genetic elements. Biological and hereditary factors are examples of genetic factors (Berg & Schreck, 2022).
Until recently, criminological research concentrated solely on social factors, either downplaying or dismissing the impact of biological and genetic factors on criminal behaviour. When biological and genetic elements are taken into account, the aetiology of criminal conduct can be better understood. The assumption that biological elements moderate this association is based on evidence showing the importance of genetic variables in the genesis of criminal behaviour.
For example, if identical (monozygotic) and fraternal twins are identical (monozygotic), they are more likely to share criminal inclinations (dizygotic). The fact that identical twins are genetically more similar than fraternal twins are shows that criminal behaviour is influenced by genetic factors. Other biological markers linked to increased violence and aggression has been found, including alcohol intoxication, the use of certain medicines, and problems during pregnancy and birth, according to Suzuki, Pai and Islam (2018)."
For example, it is possible that some other non-biological intervening factor (for example poverty) explains the higher proclivity to commit crime as well as the greater proclivity to encounter difficulties during pregnancy and birth, to consume lead and other poisons, and to misuse alcohol.
Sociological
There are three important sociological theories: strain, social learning, and control theories.
Strain Theory
People get involved in crime, according to the strain hypothesis, because they are under a lot of stress or strain, they become agitated and feel negativity around them, and as a result, they are connected or they connect with some crime (Lee, 2018). For example, to alleviate financial difficulties, they may steal, halt harassment from others by engaging in violence, flee from violent parents by fleeing the house, or injure themselves. They may begin to use illicit substances to make themselves feel...