Draw a diagram similar to Figure 11.5 representing the reasoning process involved when concluding that “Polly can fly” from the initial facts “Polly is a parrot,” “A parrot is a bird,” and “All birds...

Draw a diagram similar to Figure 11.5 representing the reasoning process involved when concluding that “Polly can fly” from the initial facts “Polly is a parrot,” “A parrot is a bird,” and “All birds can fly.” In contrast to the statement in the preceding problem, some birds, such as an ostrich or a robin with a broken wing, cannot fly. However, it would not seem reasonable to construct a deductive reasoning system in which all the exceptions to the statement “All birds can fly” are explicitly listed. How then do we as humans decide whether a particular bird can or cannot fly?