Dr. Cantor puts several questions about his political views on an American history exam. Students complain that those questions have nothing to do with how well they know American history and should...

Dr. Cantor puts several questions about his political

views on an American history exam. Students complain

that those questions have nothing to do with how well

they know American history and should not be used to

determine their grades. The students are arguing that the

test ______.
a) lacks reliability
b) does not have a normal distribution
c) lacks validity
d) measures aptitude, not achievement