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RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION IN PUBLIC HEALTH
Table of contents
Introduction    3
Summary    5
Generalization    8
Modelling    9
Methodology    10
Results    11
Reduction of medical errors in the operating room    11
Patient identification    12
Infection prevention and control    14
Protection measures    19
Vital signs monitoring remotely and in real time    20
Monitoring of medical instruments and drugs    21
Discussion    22
Conclusion    23
References    24
Introduction
The use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology in public health is covered in full in this article. It discusses how RFID functions and how helping the effectiveness and precision of tracking and monitoring systems in public health might be applied. RFID is also described, along with its components (RFID tags, RFID readers, and a database). The article also discusses the procedures engaged in employing the technology as well as the modeling of RFID systems, including the elements and how they interact. The essay concludes that by offering a real-time and trustworthy technique for distinguishing and monitoring medical supplies and equipment, RFID technology in public health has the possibility to transform the field. Limiting the effects of adverse events and upgrading patient safety are presently the two biggest problems confronting healthcare practitioners. Any issue that develops during a patient's hospital stay that is not directly associated with the hidden condition or the cause for their admission is referred to as an adverse occasion. These occurrences could negatively affect the patient, the patient's family, and, surprisingly, the healthcare system. These procedures can acquire a great deal from the possibility of traceability. Traceability is the capacity to follow a product's history from its starting place to its conveyance as well as consumption. This might be changed over into the precise identification of the patient, the drug, and the patient/drug interaction delivered with regard to health services, which can greatly lower the occurrence of adverse events, boosting safety. Currently, healthcare is attempting to work on this component while also lowering operational expenses, which are regrettably frequently welcomed by both systematic and human mistakes. Somewhere in the range of 44,000 and 98,000 deaths each year are reportedly credited to medical errors that happen in hospitals, as per the American Institute of Medicine (IOM), which was recently renamed the Public Foundation of Medicine (NAM). This statistic highlights the critical need to upgrade patient safety and prosperity in hospitals. Notwithstanding medical errors, it is possible to distinguish frequent peculiarities like robbery, loss, and medicine forging that result in significant healthcare operation failures.
A large number of businesses are using RFID technology increasingly frequently, with the healthcare industry being quite possibly the fastest-developing segment (Yilmaz et al., 2019). As a matter of fact, the improvement of applications like real-time locating systems (RTLS) for patient monitoring, medical staff tracking, and asset tracking would without a doubt support the RFID industry's fast progress before very long. This market has a 2016 worth of USD 16.95 billion and will develop at a CAGR of 7.7% from 2017 to 2023. As indicated by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which positioned radio frequency, identification (RFID) as the 10th most imaginative technology of the previous 25 years, it is one of the 16 basic innovations for the impending decade and is used for programmed data collection and product traceability. Without making physical touch, an RFID tag connected to a person or a thing is scanned as a feature of the identification process. Radio waves are used for data transport and collection, thus data is productively, consequently, and instantly gathered without the requirement for human participation. Contrary to commonplace standardized tag scanning, an RFID reader can read many tags concurrently from a more extensive distance, allowing you to try not to physically move toward the scanner. Therefore, assets, healthcare workers, or patients might have electronic labels connected to them. When tagged, these individuals might be recognized, followed, and monitored using an incorporated database and ubiquitous IT tools like PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) or cell phones. Contingent upon the application, an RFID gadget might have a variable electromagnetic transmission setup, yet usually consists of the following parts –
· Tag RFID
· Tag reader equipped with an antenna and a transceiver
· Host system or connection to a business system.
Figure 1 – RFID system: Information is sent to a host system from one or more tags using an RFID reader.
Source – (Mondal, Kumar & Chahal, 2021)
Summary
A tag associated with an item for recognizing reasons communicates with a reader using radio waves in radio frequency identification, or RFID. RFID has different applications in public health, including the tracking and supervision of medical tools and supplies, patient identification, and medicine conveyance (Cui et al., 2019). The elements of a summed-up RFID system in public health are as follows: RFID readers, tags put on medical supplies or equipment, and a database to store and deal with the data gathered. The data from the tag is read by the RFID reader and sent to the database for storage and analysis. The acquisition of RFID hardware and software, as well as the instruction of staff in the system's operation, are required for the installation of an RFID system in public health. Medical supplies and equipment are furnished with RFID tags, which transfer the data they accumulate to a database for archival and analysis. To ensure correct patient care, lower the possibility of prescription mistakes, and track the whereabouts and use of medical supplies and equipment. The RFID system might be used to follow medical supplies and equipment in the tracking phase, assuring their fitting use and lowering the probability of equipment failure. The location and development of medical supplies and equipment inside the hospital may also be followed using the data gathered by the RFID technology. One more significant use of RFID in public health is patient identification. Patient wristbands or ID cards can be furnished with RFID tags, which the RFID reader can use to check the patient's identification (Chiaramello et al., 2019). This makes it easier to ensure the right patient receives the right treatment. The dispensing of medications is one more significant area in which RFID technology is used in public health. Healthcare professionals might track and screen medicine conveyance in real time by coordinating the RFID system with electronic drug administration records (eMAR). This guarantees that patients receive the legitimate dosage at the proper time and lowers the opportunity for drug mistakes. In conclusion, by conveying real-time data and improving the tracking, monitoring, and administration of medical equipment, supplies, patients, and drugs, RFID technology has the possibility to upgrade public health significantly. The installation of an RFID system at a medical office can boost productivity, lower the possibility of mistakes, and upgrade patient outcomes.
The Tag is used to store data; each RFID tag is comprised of an electronic integrated circuit, an antenna, and a package (Hardell & Carlberg, 2020). These components are joined to an item and each RFID tag has a memory that stores extra data about the product's producer, type, and other relevant environmental details. The reader is used to assemble the data that is all kept on a tag. An antenna is used to send and receive RF waves that transfer data from the tag to the reader as well as the other way around. The RFID reader is comprised of a decoder that decodes the data. By reading the recognizing data (IDs) of the surrounding tags and planning them to a thing through a database or an outside service, the RFID reader might read or/and compose data in the tags. The software controls the operations of the reader, tags, and received data. It also controls the data in a database. The data about the tags and readers may also be remembered for the last option. To ensure the connection between the RFID infrastructure and the different intra-and inter-organizational systems, all data is transmitted to a host computer or RFID middleware. Three categories can be used to arrange tags: Tags may be active, passive, or semi-passive.
Active tags are battery-operated, feature a receiver and a transmitter, have huge memory that is frequently rewritable and can incorporate sensors. They have greater memory and can impart over greater distances than passive and semi-passive tags can (Ho et al., 2020). The drawbacks of active tags are their significant expense, short lifespan because of the antenna and battery energy requirements, and higher size and weight compared to passive tags. At the point when passive tags come into contact with an RFID reader, which produces an attractive field that powers and activates the chip inside the tag, they become active. Passive tags come up short on the internal power source. The size, weight, and cost of passive tags are totally reduced, and they have a boundless lifespan. Tragically, their utility is constrained because of their unfortunate communication range, restricted data storage, and low computational power. A battery is incorporated with the semi-passive tag and is solely used to power the internal circuit. It communicates through the electromagnetic field delivered by the reader, as opposed to the active tag. The battery conserves power and increases tag life by remaining inactive until triggered by a signal from the reader. Different frequencies at which the RFID technology might work each enjoy benefits and disadvantages. The fundamental advantage of the low frequency (LF) band, which is somewhere in the range of 125 and 134 kHz, is that it very well might be used in all significant nations, including Europe, North America, and Japan. Applications requiring the transmission of little amounts of data over short distances make up most of its use cases. It is also affected by minor interference from metals and liquids (Morrison et al., 2020). The biggest downside is that ferromagnetic materials could interfere with reading since they meaningfully affect electromagnetic waves at these frequencies. Moreover, the dissemination of systems employing these frequencies is constrained by the huge reader antenna diameters and the short operational reach. With a 13.56 MHz core frequency, the high frequency (HF) band has a faster reading rate than the low frequency (LF) band. The working frequency for Near Field Communication (NFC), a wireless data interface between devices, is 13.56 MHz. The scope of super high frequencies (UHF) extends from 860MHz to 960MHz. Compared to lesser frequency bands, these tags offer superior data transmission and reading range. By raising the frequency, it is possible to utilize smaller antennas, which are great for portable devices. Be that as it may, this technology comes at a bigger cost. Normally, frequency allocations are exclusively overseen by the various countries through their own legislation (Usak et al., 2020). Therefore, even while standardization by ISO and other such organizations is assisting in making them increasingly agreeable, there are discrepancies around the world in the frequencies designated for RFID applications. For super high frequency (UHF), for instance, Europe uses 868 MHz whereas the US uses 915 MHz. Using RFID technology related to different platforms, such as the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), enables the expansion of WSN's capabilities and the improvement of hybrid Internet of Things-based monitoring systems (IoT). By having the option to impart their own data and receive aggregate data from others, objects (or "things") become recognized and savvy. As a result, thanks to the Internet network, all things can participate actively. This hybrid strategy illustrates a likely progression of Internet use. The expression "things" or "objects" refers to things like, in addition to other things: apparatus, equipment, works, goods, gadgets, instruments, plants, and systems. The connected devices that make up the Internet of Things should be referred to as "smart objects" since they have specific features or functions (Rayhana, Xiao & Liu, 2020). The significance of identification, connection, localization, data processing capability, and environment interaction can't be overstated. There are three tiers in the IoT system –
· The perception layer, often known as the "physical layer," is responsible for identifying and gathering all kinds of data from the IoT's physical environment, including data from sensors, tags, WSNs, cameras, RFID systems, and other devices.
· The network layer, often known as the "transport layer," is in charge of transmitting transparent data (Xia et al., 2020).
· A sub-level for data management and another for application services are included in the service layer, often known as the "application layer".
RFID technology has been suggested as a possible solution to lessen issues that risk public health or to improve management of the last option, either alone or in the mix with different technologies. For instance, issues with recycling medical waste, in the event that not dealt with safely and consciously, can prompt the spread of illnesses and environmental harm, which customary techniques frequently neglect to stop. Studies are being directed to foster solutions that would use reverse logistics based on RFID technology to solve this sort of difficulty. This study looks at the state of RFID technology in the healthcare industry during the previous five years. It demonstrates the versatility of RFID technology and shows how it might significantly modify how public health is made due. Prevention, diagnosis, and patient health monitoring are three areas that are remembered to impact the subjective qualities of healthcare.
Generalization
The things being recognized are furnished with little, passive RFID tags. They have an antenna that stores and transmits data, as well as a microchip. Unique recognizing numbers and different details appropriate to the article might be among the details recorded in the tag. The data from RFID tags are read by devices known as RFID readers. They send the data to the database for filing and analysis. The RFID reader can be portable, put on a vehicle, or incorporated into a long-lasting structure like an entryway or entryway (Landaluce et al., 2020). The database is the location where the data gathered from the RFID tags is kept and kept up with. The...