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Order Id: TTs190417_622685_2
Cell is the basic unit of life. The life contains properties like growth development and
reproduction. The life interacts with external environment and perceives the stimuli through
sensation, maintains internal stability by homeostasis and equilibrium. The life involves in
energy production and consumption, regulation and integration to carry out various vital
activities.
Atom is an element containing electrons, protons and neutrons in its nucleus. Atomic number of
an element is defined as the number of protons in the nucleus. Two or more atoms form the
molecules. The molecules in a chemical compound are held by chemical bonds. All the life
contains molecules made up of atoms such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and
nitrogen (N). The macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids all
include these 4 major atoms in their structure.
In multi cellular organisms the cells are the living building blocks. The structure and function of
an organism depend upon the structural and functional characteristics of cells. The organisms are
similar in structure and function of cells due to continuity of life. A typical human cell averages
about 10 – 20µm. About the 100 average sized cells make up 1mm in distance. The cells of
humans, humming bird and whale are of same size. Cells contain organelles like nucleus,
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Peroxisomes, Lysosomes,
Vacuoles and cytoplasm etc. The cells are enclosed with in a membrane. The plasma membrane
is a lipid bilayer containing phospholipid molecules arranging themselves with the polar or
hydrophilic heads interacting with the water and the non polar or hydrophobic tails facing
interior of the bilayer.
Mitochondria are cell organelles that are responsible to produce energy. Cellular respiration is a
catabolic process accomplished through glycolysis, citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.
Most of aerobic respiration process occurs in cytoplasm and electron transport chain occurs in
mitochondria. The three stages in the catabolism include breakdown of the macromolecules to
the simplest subunits. The simple subunits formed from the macromolecules are completely
oxidized to form acetyl CoA. The acetyl groups of Acetyl Co A enter the citric acid cycle and
undergo the complete oxidation leading to release of energy in the form of ATP.
Energy transformations from one form to another takes place in cells. Photosynthesis occurs in
some plants and microbes in which the carbon dioxide, water and kinetic energy of sun light are
utilized to produce sugars resulting in formation of glucose. The glucose molecules contain
potential energy in the form of chemical bonds.
Cell division occurs during cellular reproduction in which the parent cell divides in to two
daughter cells. The cellular reproduction is accomplished in...