Denial of Service attacks are estimated to happen once every six months (twice a year) in a mid-size company. One such company, XYZ, estimates the cost of recovering from a single DoS attack to be...

Extracted text: Denial of Service attacks are estimated to happen once every six months (twice a year) in a mid-size company. One such company, XYZ, estimates the cost of recovering from a single DoS attack to be $12000. The company decides to apply a number of controls to counter these attacks. With these controls, the frequency of successful DoS attacks against the company reduces to once a year and the cost of recovering from an instance becomes $8000. The cost of implementing these controls is $7,000 a year. The annual loss expectancy (ALE) without controls is $ A . The annual loss expectancy (ALE) with controls is $