d. If One Ball University joins the UAAP, then either UST or UP will boycott the next season. If UST will boycott the next season, then UP will boycott it, too. Therefore, if One Ball University joins...

Determine whether the given argument is valid. For the valid argument, construct a formal proof.

Extracted text: d. If One Ball University joins the UAAP, then either UST or UP will boycott the next season. If UST will boycott the next season, then UP will boycott it, too. Therefore, if One Ball University joins the UAAP, then UP will boycott it. e. Studying is sufficient for passing the final examinations. Passing the final examinations guarantees passing the course. You passed the course. Therefore, you studied.