Critics of deception in research have assumed that deceptive studies are harmful to subjects. The empirical data on this issue suggest that: A. many deceptive studies do have significant negative eff...

Critics of deception in research have assumed that deceptive studies are harmful to subjects. The empirical data on this issue suggest that:

A. many deceptive studies do have significant negative eff ects on subjects.

B. most participants in deceptive studies report that they enjoyed the experience and didn’t mind being misled.

C. deceptive research seriously undermines subjects’ trust in others.

D. Both a and c.