Critical researchers focus on the politics of identity and the struggles of nondominant groups (Y. Y. Kim, XXXXXXXXXXMuted group theory posits that the leaders of a culture determine the dominant...

Critical researchers focus on the politics of identity and the struggles of nondominant groups (Y. Y. Kim, 2005). Muted group theory posits that the leaders of a culture determine the dominant communication system of the entire culture that supports their perception of the world. Orbe’s (1998) theory of co-cultural communication argues that what are called cocultures are in fact subordinate groups within the culture.