Criminology 3301. Word count is 2600 (there was no option for that, and word count does not include reference list). 1. What effects did the traumas of the hard penalty have on prisoners? 1. 2. What...

Criminology 3301. Word count is 2600 (there was no option for that, and word count does not include reference list).
1.



What effects did the traumas of the hard penalty have on prisoners?

1. 2.

What was hard labour designed to achieve?

3.


how has the nature of “Hard labour” changed since 1895?

Marking criteria (research essay): These are the things we look to find and reward in your essay Structure and OrganisationProper and relevant introduction & conclusionDemonstrates an understanding of the requirements of the question Effectiveness of argumentCoherent & persuasive response to questionOriginalitySubstantiation of argument with appropriate evidenceAddresses opposing arguments & weaknesses (where possible)Relevance of all material is clear & a link is established between argument and evidence ResearchEvidence that sufficient research has been undertaken for task11 Quality scholarly references used in essay ReferencingApply APA reference system accurately and consistentlyReference list provided Academic IntegrityAcknowledge all sources used in paper Command of Written EnglishCorrect spelling , punctuation & grammar prevalentCareful Proof Reading has occurred Language is appropriately academic


I have also supplied a paper i wrote, outlineing this topic with some references references.


Crime, Law, & Trauma: Exploring prison ethics in relation to internal hard labour and its effects. Can we consider it torture, and how was it justified? Word Count: 864 Focus & Parameters Throughout many recounts of Oscar Wilde’s experience of 2 years in prison from 1895 to 1897 with hard labour, it is said that he felt lifeless and like his identity had been stripped from him. Prisoners were stripped of their names and labelled by their cell number and block letter. Oscar Wild became C.3.3. While Oscar served his time under his new identity, his societal name was tainted throughout the trial process. It was noted that Oscar Wilde had become the name that was associated with being “a revolting tragedy and revolting scandal”. Wilde often refers to his death not being that of a physical one but a civil death. Wilde’s time in prison consisted of either insufficient or bad food, and an uncompromising and degrading routine. Many of Wilde’s friends, one of who tried to help with his case, referred to the prison life he was enduring as torturous and the idea that the prison being able to be this way was monstrous. Later when questioning Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise; who was the head of the Prison Commission, when hearing about Wilde’s mental condition and breaks agreed and admitted the ethics were questionable and that Oscar Wilde should have been treated with consideration and flexibility. Further, he admitted that the punishment was much more severe than it would have been for any other ordinary criminal. Wilde endured activities such as, the “Treadmill for punishment were used in prisons in Britain from 1818 until the second half of the 19th century; they often took the form of large paddle wheels some 20 feet in diameter with 24 steps around a six-foot cylinder. Prisoners had to work six or more hours a day, climbing the equivalent of 5,000 to 14,000 vertical feet. While the purpose was mainly punitive, the mills could have been used to grind grain, pump water, or operate a ventilation system” (Behrendt, P. F. (2016). Oscar Wilde eros and aesthetics. Springer.). “Shot drill involved stooping without bending the knees, lifting a heavy cannonball slowly to chest height, taking three steps to the right, replacing it on the ground, stepping back three paces, and repeating, moving cannonballs from one pile to another” (Behrendt, P. F. (2016). Oscar Wilde eros and aesthetics. Springer.). “The Crank machine was a device which turned a crank by hand which in turn forced four large cups or ladles through sand inside a drum, doing nothing useful. Male prisoners had to turn the handle 6,000–14,400 times over the period of six hours a day (1.5– 3.6 seconds per turn), as registered on a dial. The warder could make the task harder by tightening an adjusting screw, hence the slang term "screw" for prison warder” (Behrendt, P. F. (2016). Oscar Wilde eros and aesthetics. Springer.). Hard labour was considered convict labour which in some cases brought in funds and was thought to be what criminals deserved, a life of hard work to contribute to society. However, a few of the activities were to no purpose and were simply a punishment. Hard labour was also used not only for punishment but as a reward too, idleness in small, confined cells became unbearable to prisoners so some would take hard labour to mitigate themselves. 1895 was the starting point for a transition within prison ethics to begin evolving away from the tortuous nature of the Penial Labour. “Modern penial Complex” was reformed from the outlined policies in the original Gladstone report. It was believed the system would benefit from processes determined by “Positive” criminology. This process was discovered through observation and methods used by natural and social sciences. Further it became a belief that prisoners needed to be treated not punished as they believed prisoners may not be responsible for their actions (Bailey 1987). Research Questions 1. What effects did the traumas of the hard penalty have on prisoners? This section will explore the traumas prison life and associated activities had on the prisoners and discuss any lasting effects (positive or negative) 2. What is hard labour designed to achieve? This section will illustrate the thought process behind the idea of hard labour activities and weather there was an idea of rehabilitation or simply discomfort. 3. how has the nature of “Hard labour” changed since 1895? Following the development of prison ethics, it is intended to show the prisons evolve over the years as minds evolve on topics, such as human rights/ethics Methodology & Literature A mixture of materials and works of peer reviewed literature using google scholar and flinders online library will be used to piece together this research topic. Using the information from the history of Oscar Wild which triggered these questions which aim to show the inhumane way prisoners treated and the traumas they endured and how they were justified as appropriate punishment. Potential Problems It is anticipated getting material to support the idea of long-lasting trauma may prove to be difficult to find as humane ethics and mental traumas may have been a new concept. It has also been found that a lot of Oscar wilds language throughout readings is quite dramatic using metaphors. Deciphering what really happened to what was an expression will need to be cross referenced. It is also anticipated that the Questions asked for this assignment will need to be refined to discourage trying to cover too many topics leading to irrelevant information. Bibliography Bailey, V. (1997). English Prisons, Penal Culture, and the Abatement of Imprisonment, 1895-1922. Journal of British Studies, 36(3), 285-324. Retrieved March 18, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/175790 Behrendt, P. F. (2016). Oscar Wilde eros and aesthetics. Springer. Evans, R., & Thorpe, W. (1992). Historical reconsiderations IX: Power, punishment and penal labour: Convict workers and Moreton bay. Australian Historical Studies, 25(98), 90-111. Gregory, J Robinson. The Wesleyan-Methodist magazine; London Vol. 118, (Nov 1895): 858-863. Harris, F., Shaw, B., & Ross, R. (1938). Oscar Wilde (p. 94). London: Constable. Miller, M. (1974). At Hard Labour: Rediscovering the 19th Century Prison. Issues in Criminology, 9(1), 91-114. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42909697 Wikipedia 2013, Penial Labour. Retrieved 8/03/2021. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_labour) https://search.proquest.com/indexinglinkhandler/sng/au/Gregory,+J+Robinson/$N https://search.proquest.com/pubidlinkhandler/sng/pubtitle/The+Wesleyan-Methodist+magazine/$N/2198/OpenView/3033327/$B/91859A8F5E694A84PQ/1 https://search.proquest.com/indexingvolumeissuelinkhandler/2198/The+Wesleyan-Methodist+magazine/01895Y11Y01$23Nov+1895$3b++Vol.+118/118/$B http://www.jstor.org/stable/42909697