Consider the analysis of covariance model given by Where ϵ ij s are independent normal random variables with mean zero and variance σ 2 . (a) Show that all of the following models are...

Where ϵ_ij
s are independent normal random variables with mean zero and variance σ².

(a) Show that all of the following models are reparameterizations of the prededing model.

(b) Use the reparameterization (ii) in (a) to derive

(c) To test the hypothesis that there is “no treatment effect,” consider the reduced model