Consider a clinical trial in which women are randomized in equal proportions to a paced respiration intervention for the control of perimenopausal hot flashes, or a wait-list control. The ITT estimate...

Consider a clinical trial in which women are randomized in equal proportions to a paced respiration intervention for the control of perimenopausal hot flashes, or a wait-list control. The ITT estimate of the treatment effect was a net reduction of four hot flashes per day, after controlling for baseline frequency. However, only 70% of women assigned to the paced respiration arm adhered to the intervention, and about 10% of women assigned to control crossed over. Obtain the IV estimate of the causal effect of paced respiration on hot flash frequency. Is this estimate valid for all women, or compliers only?