CO-AUTHORSHIP NETWORK ANALYSIS IN HEALTH RESEARCH: METHOD AND POTENTIAL USE
Team members:
Vishwapriya Velma
Nirjeet Kaur
Akbar KhanArbar
Course code: CIS8500
Abstract
Researchers need to work ok in collaboration with other scientists or researchers for finding out better information for the research. Social networking analysis along with co-authorship networks are seen to be playing a powerful role with the increasing number of powerful tools that are being used for better access through collaborative trends. This helps to identify a particular problem to the solution by the end of the researcher. The main aim of the research is to underline the common relationship between co-authorship and its benefits in between the research of the health department.
Table of contents
Introduction?3
Background of the research study?3
Rationale of the study?3
Significance of the study?4
Aim of the study?5
Literature review?5
Objectives?5
Research question?5
Social Network analysis?5
Co-authorship network concept?6
Application of co-authorship within the health research?6
Research Methodology?8
ResearchApproach?8
Research Design?9
Research philosophy?9
Data collection?10
Sampling?11
Data analysis?11
Researchethics?12
Discussion?13
Conclusion?14
Reference Lists?16
Introduction
Background of the research study
The collaboration of scientific networks is seen to be a hallmark into the contemporary research of healthcare and even for otherresearches. Nowadays scientists are not seen to be working independently. Instead of these scientists need to be working in collaboration or representing information in co-authorships.Proper scientific networks are needed in collaboration for looking for a better degree of solution between two words solving technological, social, political as well as economic. Collaborative networks are important for bringing in innovation within the healthcare department due to its higher degree of complexity as well as large number of stakeholders and their involvements (Marcelin et al.2019). Collaboration brings in diversity across the entire health care department thereby proposing effective and other efficient strategies that need to be developed within the dominance of the countriesin order to neglect tropical challenges of diseases’-authorship research involves strategic planning of policies and also helps in strengthening different innovation within the healthcare system. Considering an example, the entire globe has been researching on the development of vaccines against Chikungunya virus as well as in the recent face of covid-19 pandemic. Various organisations have been researching for gathering information collaboratively in relation to the pandemic of coronavirus.
Health research system has become one of the most vital concerns in recent years particularly in the lower- and middle-income countries (Chen et al.2019). The HRS or health research systemis considered to be playing a detrimental role by forming a pillar within the healthcare system for better policies as well as equitable care within the healthcare system. Research is being well defined within the strategy of WHO on its research on, “The development of knowledge in order to understand challenges of health”. This can be easily achieved through an efficient and effective HRSin order to address the needs of the society.
Rationale of the study
Scientific collaboration is seen to be striking with its significant vitality at present. This significance has increased in recent years in comparison to several decades ago. Technological advancement has made people even the doctors and the healthcare staff members to rely completely on the gadgets. Instead, it has also limited the number of information that might have been gathered with better co-authorship and better team working. Large numbers of technological integration have taken the significant space of scientific research. Large number of scientists are seen to have found and gathered informationin regards to the novel coronavirus. The efforts of scientific organizations have seen collaboration with other organizationsin order to achieve success and find vaccination for people all around the world to overcome the pandemic (Chanet al.2019). The entire world anda large number of scientific organizations have spent time in finding vaccines against the deadly disease. Scientific collaboration and co-authorship play an integral role in finding proper solutions to the problem. In recent years technology has gained momentum that has createda large number ofcommunication gaps. Biomedical research requiresa large number of scientific processes that involve climatization of collaborative effort that helps to bring together various investigators with a large diversified scientific background as well as perspective to resolve biomedical problems. These problems can be easily resolved thereby benefiting through multidisciplinary approaches (Engkvistet al.2018). Scientists need to work with each otherin order to extract vital information which has become restricted with the inclusion of technologies. Technology is seen to be creating a hindrance at the time of sharing of knowledge that helps to bring in better innovative ideas.
Significance of the study
Scientific collaborationhas to bring in transformative innovation within life science. Considering an example of contemporary drug discoveries and that of the development of teamwork within the pharmaceutical industry is important. Collaboration between the health care department and even the scientists are important for gathering the proper amount of information. The main significance of the present research throws light on the collaboration network and its advantages relating to the biomedical industry (Altalib et al.2019). The present research study is helpful enough to find networking relationships between co-authorship and health research. Apart from these different areas of health research which needbetter involvement of healthcare can be easily identified and illustrated in detail. Healthcare developments that are being witnessed by the world are possible only with the help of two or more joint scientists or researchers (Chen et al.2017). The world has witnessed huge diseases and their presence in the living world. Even though the diseases are deadly enough their vaccines are being found with the help of efficient scientists and relatable organizations. Themain significance of this research study is that it is helpful for the readers to understand the vitality and surface implication of the co-authorship and the role that it plays within the health care domains ofeach and every single organization. It not only highlights the impact of co-authorship but also defines its concept and multidisciplinary roles.
Aim of thestudy
The main aim of the research study is to find a relationship between co-authorship and its benefit in health care research. Potential use and methods of network analysis also needs to be researched for finding benefits in health care research.
Literature review
Objectives
The main objectives of the research study are being discussed below:
?To understand the relationship between co-authorship network analysis and health research?To find the usefulness of co-authorship within the domain of health research?To investigate the potential use of network analysis in the health research?To illustrate various methods of co-authorship in the field of health research
Research question
?What is the relationship between co-authorship and health research??How far does co-authorship play an important role within the health research domain??Whatare the potential uses of network analysis in the department of health research??What are the various methods of co-authorship for health research?
Social Network analysis
Social Network Analysis can be easily defined as the definite set of nodes or even actors. It also defines the links and relationships in between nodes and actors. It can be represented as the information represented in relations that is often seen to be characterising social networks through a critical prerequisite and resources for its better definition. The main feature of SNA is to emphasize not just on the attribute or on the characteristics but instead on its connection in between. Through quantifying the structure of socialnetworksit is possible to identify crucial nodes, formation of various groups and also the flow of intangible as well as various tangible resources. These resources are important to be knownin regards to other vital information (Cadaretteet al.2017).
Choice of the nodes need to be analysed depending upon the context in which theparticular data set is to be inserted. Therefore, these nodes can either be individual, organization, groups or even the entire nation. Within SNA, each single relationship can be easily defined with different networking types (Chen et al.2019). A single connection in between nodes can be resembled as a shared form of co-authorship on the paper, or even the participants or the participation of the same project. It can be a scientific event of an organization also. Therefore, from the perception SNA relationships are not just properties of notes but instead the entire system.
Co-authorship network concept
Scientific collaboration is defined as an interaction which occurs within a social context between two or more scientists, which helps in sharing the meaning and achieving the given task which is a mutually shared goal. Scientists collaborate for the opportunity to discover new knowledge, increasing specialization within science, the complexity of infrastructureand also to combine the different types of skills and knowledge to address common health problems (Chen et al.2019). The scientific collaboration is helpful enough to broaden research scopeand also to foster innovative ideas as it helps to provide better access through different areas of discipline.Analysis of co-authorship in technology and science can be seen as partnership that provides vision of patterns in between organization and individual (Marqués-Sánchezet al.2018). Co-authorship of a particular technical documentary can be seen as an official statement for the involvement of two or more than two authors or even the organizationas a whole in the network of co-authorshipnodes clearly represents authors, countries or even the organization that are connected at the time when co-authorship is being shared over paper.
Application of co-authorship within the health research
Co-authorship network analysis in the healthcare research department can be easily used within different contexts. As per the view of Morelet al.(2009), co-authorship and its analysis can easily provide scientific information which are relevant for the planning of the entire organisation of the healthcare. Without proper planning and co-author ship and collaboration at times it becomes difficult for organisation to proceed further in an effective way. Thebrazilian scientific co authorship network has been neglected in six tropical diseases that includes dengue, leprosy, tuberculosis, malaria (Engkvistet al.2018). With the help ofSNA the scientists are seen to be able to identify various key leadings within the organization that might have acted as scientific bridge in between the community of science, various approaches of public health, active research groups and many other such relevant information that have contributed to work the controlled management programme. Evaluation of relationship between the productivity of science and technological development within the health care (Engkvistet al.2018). Patent network and publication analysis in tuberculosis have highlighted a crucial role within the academic area but instead it has weakened the engagement of the industry within the domain of Australia. Therefore, the authors have recommended proper joint analysis of patents within the developing nation and that of the scientific publication in which the same notes are generally involved in technological innovation and research.
According to the view of Gonzalez-Alcaideet al. (2013) have analysed the collaboration of global research in leishmaniasis. With the help of SNA, the authors have been able to characterise the profile of collaboration, nations that have played the greatest role within the network, identified key researchers and the observed form of cooperative trend and that of the research group and its development overa period of time. It can be easily stated that SNA helps in better understanding of cooperative organizational as well as social context within which scientific knowledge can be easily generated.
More than 3000 research articles have been published on health management on the database of Web of Science over thirteen years of time.Zhandet al.(2013), stated that despite growing collaboration in recent times cooperation between nations is still incipient and therefore must bekept on encouraging towards internationalization and progress of the research area. Naranjo-Estupinanet al.(2014), have mentioned that co-authorship and its networking within the domain of public Health in Columbia as a score for better collaboration within epidemiology which seems to be more restrictive in comparison to that of social science. It has a much wider and broader engagement within collaborators (Chanet al. 2019). Thisparticular analysis isbeing allowed with the proper identification within the boundaries of the public health disciplines even with much poor collaboration. Scientific collaboration network within the network of biotechnology within the north-eastern domain of Brazil. This shows that collaboration needs primary intra institutional along with marginal representation and limited diversity which is not reflecting the expected biotechnological role. It is known to be one of the pillars of science,innovation and event technology in the region.
According to the view of Robinson-Garciaet al.(2013), interorganizational relationship within the university of Spain in the department of health care is being allowed to have the identification of one of the leading universities with potential collaboration as per the profile of publication. Bender et al. (2015), mapped and identified neglected diseases within the Germany affiliation. The author mentioned a strong sense of collaboration between organizations of Germany and that of the abroadpartners but these have limited number of collaborations in between middle- and lower-income countries (AlKhaldi et al.2018). This has highlightedand also has encouraged the need of scientific capacity and its building efforts. Therefore, with the help of individual analysis the networks of the researcher and even the academic talents can be easily identified.
Research Methodology
ResearchApproach
The research approach for the chosen topic is the deductive research approach. Basically, the deductive approach of research is chosen as a sole researcher can put it to dynamic uses where primarily there will be an avenue to find an association to investigations that are scientific. The research will study what other researchers have done so far. It is possible to bring an understanding to it by reading in the detailed format of the theories that do already pre-exist. It also will bring us to find relevant information of the occurrences that have taken place during the study in theprevious times and throw light on what the occurrence was all about. There will be a possibility of better knowledge gain as it will be feasible to test the data derived from a hypothesis that would find emergence that generates from these pre-existing theories. This approach will help in analysing the data that isin regards to "co-authorship network analysis". The deductive approach will focus on a better understanding of co-authorship network analysis as a tool that empowers the process of strategic planning during in-depth research. A deductive approach shall develop the programs for building an ample capacity for collaboration ofinformation and statistical data of vaccines, their roles, efficacy, stage of trial for diseases like COVID 19 and Chikungunya (Mishra and Mishra, 2020).
Research Design
The research design for the topic chosen is exploratory research. Exploratory research is supposed to be a definite variety of research that is used and applied to search for a problem that is unclear. This form of research is conducted to ensure a theoretical understanding of the prevailing problem. Here this research would commence with a normative idea of co-authorship network analysis in the field of health science that also throws light on the methods that are prevalent for boosting the potential use of it to identify the major issues which can create a focus and give a proper overview of the scientific data that will be collected (Sadang andPalompon, 2021). There are two ways of conducting an exploratory form of research, primary and secondary where the primary research is to be collected through surveys, interviews, focusedgroups and observations. The secondary form of research can be achieved from authentic online websites and other potential databases and topic related case studies which shall give information in a specific genre that shall besimilar to the approach. The design of this research will be based on the secondary research method. The secondary research method will bring out objective oriented information on the collaborations that are scientific to build networks in a way that it projects to be the hallmark of academic research like this which deal with a contemporary idea.
Research philosophy
Research philosophy is meant to be a vast subject for this topic. It shall deal with the development,nature and source of knowledge. This research shall initiate belief about the method of the data inwhich data must be analysed,used and collected. The notion of knowledge creation shall appear in a profound manner. As a theory, positivism adheres to the belief that only accurate insight obtained through investigation and observation consisting of the determination is said to be reliable. It elaborates the data collection with an optimistic overview (Byun, Park and Yun, 2021). The main principles of the research philosophy are as follows:
There shall be no variations in the philosophy of interrogation beyond sciences. This form of research shall aim to describe and foretell empirically noticeable via rational minds. Inductive knowledge shall be applied to generate descriptions that are to be examined during the process of research. Common sense shall not be admittedto prejudice the findings of the research. Every society has mainly three stages of positivism which includes scientific,theological and metaphysical. During this research, the philosophy of positivism is applicable as it shall adhere to the emergence of the view where the knowledge that is highly factual will be aimed through the process of keen observation using the senses of possible human perception. It shall alsoinclude the scientific measurement that shall bring it the trustworthiness of this research paper. In the process of application of positivism, there is an avenue to study the structure of the role of the explorer where there will be the limitation in the method of collection of data and in the interpretation of the same data in a more objective-based manner. Positivism is a theory of philosophy that states that the knowledge that is genuine will be either positive and shall be derived exclusivelyon the basis of the data collected from various experiences during the natural occurrences along with their property definition and constructing a definition that is more tautological and analytic.
The philosophy of the positivist is to explore information that is available on the internet in the form of published research article videos or interviews and data have driven discussion (Samuel,Chubb and Derrick, 2021). This is also called a secondary research method where the published statistics are termed officials because this information has better potential representativeness and reliability. According to positivism, this paper shall also focus on the society that shall reshape the individualistic thought process and make a place of new belief where the facts of the society will be able to shape the actions of individuals (Rechmannet al 2018). Epistemologically positivism during qualitative research will be focusing on researching by adapting to means which are non-statistical. It would initiate the onset of casual relationship andregularity between various elements which are presentin reality andthen making a proper summary for the identification of patterns to give to finding in a generalized manner.
Data collection
For the data collection method, we have chosen the secondary data collection form as it was not feasible to collect from the main sources because of the widespread pandemics. The covid-19 restricts different places and reflects on the unapproachability of the samples. The primary form of research is most difficult to implement in this research pattern. However, with the help of secondary research and its attempt to get a review acknowledgesthe major part of its solution (Kontos andGrigorovich, 2018). The primary research may not be cost-effective and for this kind of scientific data research, just an online survey would not have beensufficient enough to reach towards the analysis. Primary research especially during the times of Covid could have used more energy, people, extended effort, and time which shall have increased the cost of the research. The method of secondary research is thus adapted and is termed worthwhile because it shall be cost-effective in a far more general manner in comparison to the primary research. Secondary research would be a foundation for a project like this to deal with the evaluation of the current landscape of the data available for network analysis in the research of health.
Sampling:
In order to make the research valuable the sampling is done in a selective manner where the journals and the articles are chosen on the basis of authenticity relevant to the topic as well as the date. The articles which were published before 2016 are not taken for the research whereas the journals published after 2017 are mostly considered. The journals selected are also in English language and give a detailed analysis of the health.
Data analysis
During this research, the analysis of data is done in the form of thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is the proposed method that shall analyse the data that is qualitative. It shall be applied in a usual style to a given set of statements, which might be in the form of a transcript of the interview. The research shall closely examine the information for the identification of the theme that iscommon (Benchimolet al2017). For instance, patterns along with ideas of a definite meaning which the research comes across repeatedly, the study of a relevant topic and many more. The topics that shall be relevant to align with the theme for the overcoming of barriers and challenges to reach a specific result are scientific collaboration, co-authorship along network analysis in healthcare and its uses and methods. This paper uses thematic analysis for deriving practical data which will entail searching across a myriad of information which shall set to the reporting and identification of the data in a descriptive format. It will also show its involvement in interpreting the processes of code selection and in the construction of applicable themes. The analysis will be done with the help of six stages of thematic background. Step - 1: growing familiarity with information, Step - 2: generation of codes in the initial stage, Step - 3: searching for the right theme, Step - 4: themes are reviewed, Step - 5: themes are defined and Step - 6: write-ups are made based on the analysis.
Researchethics
Ethics in research helps to distinguish between what is acceptable as behaviour and what is not at all acceptable? During this research, the conduct had to be kept in an ethical manner abiding by the norm which is also a common pass away to support ethical research. The ethics that are followed in a scientific project like this claim to abide by a religious thing like the one that is told in ten commandments ("thou shall not kill"). There is another code of ethics that projects and conducts in a professional manner like that seen in thehippocratic oath where the emphasisis put upon ("first of all do no harm"). In the process of secondary research, such ethics or structure morale will require an application for making differences between what is right and what can be termed wrong. The golden rule in relation to this concept can be termed as ("do unto others as you would have them, do unto you"). Ethical behaviour shall reflect the sense of righteousness that is learned since childhood days. Ethical conduct can be also termed as compensation while a research project is executed. Ethical disputes will break the quality of the research paper and thus the study shall be nullified. Secondary research signifies the use of studying from the authenticated website, scholarly articles, and published journals which tastes the data by an alternative approach with the refinement, reduction, replacement of doing social gathering or coming in touch with strangers by terming them as samples of research. The basic ethics that will be maintained include socialdistancing guidelines, where data shall be mostly procured from the world wide web. It shall secure health and hygiene during the execution of the research. Ethical rules shall be governed by the behaviour and thus will be followed in a much broader and informal aspect. Law and ethics are not similar.
The action during research might be considered unethical but legal or ethical or illegal. The concepts of ethics and its principles will be utilized to interpret, propose, evaluate, criticize laws. The ethics that shall be followed during this research will also focus on the standardized study in a disciplined format. It shall be projected as a method, perspective, the procedure formaking a decision on the ways of action and making an analysis of the complex issues and problems associated with Co-authorship network analysis in health (Henein and Ells, 2021). The ethical principles that shall be followed precisely reflect honesty, because it shall try till the end during the process of communication-related to scientific data. It shall also specify the objectivity where this strive will bein order to avoid the various biases that are experienced during an experimental design, data interpretation, data analysis, personnel decision, peer review, expert testimony, writing through grand and different other aspects of research in which the objectivity will be required or expected. There will be a clear avoidance and minimize format of self-deception and formation of biases. The research shall be also formulated in a way that shall support integrity where the promises shall be kept to the agreements made and sincere acts will be shown till the end of the research where there will be a striving consistency of action and thought related to the topic of co-authorship network analysis in health.
Discussion
From the above research study,it can be seen that co-authorship is important for exchanging information in the healthcare study. Network analysis in the public database is helpful for finding proper and potential mitigating agents against diseases. The background of the research study elaborates the main concept behind conduction of the entire research study. In general, it can be stated that with the help of co-authorship better planning can be done for implementing policiesin order to strengthen innovations. Rationale illustrates problems or the challenges within the healthcare department. These challenges are arising with the inclusion of technologies and theincreasing demand of gadgets in the department of healthcare. Along with the challenges proper mitigating ideas are also well defined.
The significance of the research study completely illustrates the transformation that has been included within the healthcare department with the advancement of gadgets and modern technologies that have made scientists limit their amount of information and critical thinking. Co-authorship is important for finding derivatives of various diseases that are helpful for the humankind. Even at the present the entire world is seen to be fighting with the deadly disease of novel coronavirus. Large number of scientists are still working together jointly for finding better solutions and vaccines to stop the spread of covid-19. Aims and objective of the research illustrates the main reason and goal behind the conduction of the entire research. Different segments of co-authorship illustrated in the literature review section for better understanding and to underline the reason behind the arrival of problems in healthcare research.
Other than this research approach is being used by the researcher for undertaking the research in a possible and better manner. Deductive approach has been selected by the researcher for analysing and better evaluation of information with the help of statistical data. In the methodology section different approaches, design and other techniques of data collection are being illustrated. Research Design includes exploratory research. Exploratory research helps to gather information through secondary resources even. Positivism is being undertaken by the researcher for finding out positive and relevant data and theories related to philosophies. With the help of positivism philosophy, it would be easier for the researcher to gather information through different resources. Data collection is an important part of the researchin order togather relevant and authentic data. Different articles and journals need to be undertaken by the researcher for analysing needs to be undertaken by the researcher. Article must not be older than 2016 and journals taken after 2017. Depending upon these two data collection methods entire analysis will be done in the form of thematic analysis. Different barriers and evenchallenges of co-authorship with the network analysis and its potential uses can be easily underlined in the research.
Research ethics involves doing the entire research in an ethical manner without hurting the sentiments of anyone. By considering ethical constraints all the disputes and hindrances can be easily neglected. It is important for the researcher to maintain honesty and authenticity of the research without beingbiasedwith any of the information collected for the research.
Conclusion
From the above research it can be concluded that co-authorship needs to be enhanced with the passage of time. Researchers need to be specific about the evaluation of the technological advancement that has degraded the entire information sharing agenda which has even limited the number of data that used to be shared in between two or even more than that of the two researchers or the scientists. Researchers at present need to be focused more on creating a better healthcare department with the help of co-authorships. Team working needs to be increased and encouraged by the health organizations. On the contrary, the above research proposal focuses more on the effectiveness that must be brought in by the scientist and the other members of the health departments to widen up their innovative strategies to save lives of the human from the deadly diseases. Therefore, secondary research would be helpful for analysing and visualising views and ideologies of different researchers and scientists. Scientists from all over the world if they come together then the process of researching would become much more effective and would be less time consuming, which can play a vital role in safeguarding the lives of the people all over the globe. If all of these methods are being crossshared then the scientists are sure enough to set the benchmarking for overcoming and finding relevant cures to all the diseases. Thus, it can be easily concluded that organisations must encourage co-authorship for the wellbeing of humanity.
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