Climate Action Strategy [ULO 8.2, 8.3]ObjectivesBy the end of the assignments, students will be able...

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Climate Action Strategy [ULO 8.2, 8.3]ObjectivesBy the end of the assignments, students will be able to	Assess      the role of provincial governments in addressing market barriers to      mitigate and adapt to climate change,	Analyze      the impact of government climate policy on energy sectors and end uses.InstructionsPlease prepare a 2-page briefing note on a climate action strategy for British Columbia. What sectors are affected by the policy? What energy end uses might shift as a result of the policy?The briefing note should be:	2      pages (APA format);	structured      according to Part 3, Chapter 4 of the Peter Love textbook;	written      in layperson language that could be understandable to an elected official      with limited background on the topic;	focused      on those topics that are relevant for government decisionmakers; not      including extensive background information that does not aid in making a      decision;	evidence-based      and not anecdotal; and	inclusive      of at least three citations from the required reading and/or government      policy documents.Section 1 - Theories, Policies and Programs  Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency - Policies, Programs and Best Practices  i SECTION 1  THEORY, POLICIES AND PROGRAMS Preface 1.	 Introduction	to	Energy	Efficiency		 1 2. Energy, Power and Energy Services 7 3. Student and Group Projects  12 4. Conservation Behaviour, System Operations,   New Technology and Demand Response  14 5. Drivers, Barriers and Policy Options 19 6.	 Economics	of	Energy	Efficiency	 23 7.	 Energy-Efficiency	Measures	 31 8.	 Energy	Efficiency	in	System	Plans	  and Community Energy Plans 34 9. Policy and Program Development 37 10. Evaluation of Policies and Programs 44 11.	 Moving	Forward	 48 References 49 SECTION 2   CASE STUDIES OF BEST PRACTICES  1. Case Study: Electricity Conservation in Ontario   2.	 Case	Study:	Past,	Present	and	Future	  of Energy Conservation in Ontario 3.	 Case	Study:	Selected	Natural	Gas	DSM	  Programs in Ontario 4. Case Study: British Columbia   5. Case Study: Nova Scotia  6.	 Case	Study:	Energy	Efficiency	in	Alberta 7. Case Study: Energy Service Performance   Contracts SECTION 3   COURSE MATERIALS 1.	 Memorandum	to	Cabinet	Information	  Requirements 2. Treasury Board Submission Business Case 3. Preparation of a Business Case 4.	 How	to	Write	a	Briefing	Note 5. Sample Regulatory Submission 6. Sample Submission to   Consultation on an Energy Plan 7. Example of Student RETScreen   Building	Assessment 8.	 Sample	Mid	Term	Quiz 9.	 List	of	Terms	Defined	in	Textbook TABLE OF CONTENTS  i i  Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency - Policies, Programs and Best Practices Section 1 - Theories, Policies and Programs A	few	examples	of	available	career	opportunities	  include employers such as governments; energy  regulators; energy planning agencies; energy utilities;  private energy companies; program design and   implementation companies; companies that special- ize	in	the	evaluation,	measurement	and	verification	of	 energy-efficiency	programs;	energy	service	compa- nies;	and	non-governmental	organizations,	as	well	 as manufacturers, retailers and installers of various  energy-efficiency	products	and	services.	For	others	 who	take	this	course	but	end	up	pursuing	careers	out- side the energy industry, the intent is to increase their  overall energy literacy. Other potential users of this text  might include those who have made a career change  into	the	energy	industry	and	are	seeking	ways	to	better	 understand this new area. Developing	and	implementing	effective	energy-effi- ciency	policies	and	programs	is	widely	recognized	as	 being	critical	if	humankind	is	to	reduce	its	reliance	on	 fossil fuels. While important progress has been made  over the past few decades, much more needs to be  done.	One	essential	component	of	making	progress	  is ensuring graduates and undergraduates from uni- versities	are	in	a	position	to	help	achieve	this.	Although	 there	are	many	excellent	textbooks	that	deal	with	 energy-efficiency	technologies	(e.g.,	Energy Efficiency  and the Demand for Energy Services, Harvey, 2010),  the	impact	of	energy	on	the	environment	(e.g.,	Energy  Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable  Future, Boyle, 2012, and Energy, Society and Environ- ment,	Elliot,	2003),	energy	in	Canada	(e.g.,	Primer	on	 Energy Systems in Canada, Second Edition, Pollution  Probe,	2016)	and	public	policy	(e.g.,	Blue-Green   Province: The Environment and the Political Economy  of Ontario,	Winfield,	2011,	and	Beyond Policy Analy- sis: Public Policy Management in Turbulent Times,  Pal,	1997),	there	are	no	textbooks	on	the	design,	 implementation	and	evaluation	of	energy-efficiency	 policies and programs.   This text is based on teaching a fourth-year course  at	York	University’s	Faculty	of	Environmental	Studies	 for the last six years. This course, in turn, was built on  a	course	developed	by	Dr.	Alan	Meier	for	courses	he	 teaches	at	the	University	of	California’s	Davis	campus.	 The	author	gratefully	acknowledges	Alan’s	leadership	 in this area and the comments he provided on early  drafts	of	this	textbook.	The	text	is	also	based	on	  the experience of many other professors who teach  similar courses in Ontario who shared their course  outlines	and	ideas	at	the	one-and-a-half-day	workshop	 “Teaching	Energy	Efficiency	at	the	Post-Secondary	 Level”	that	was	organized	by	York	University	on	  July 16-17, 2014. Copies of presentations made at   this	workshop	are	available	at	York	University’s	Sus- tainable	Energy	Institute’s	website:	http://sei.info.yorku. ca/seminar-presentations/.	The	results	of	this	work- shop were subsequently discussed at the International  Green Educators Conference in Karlsruhe, Germany,  on	October	29-31,	2014,	and	at	the	Ontario	Network	 for	Sustainable	Energy	Policy	workshop	held	  April	27,	2015. This online textbook has been written as a resource for professors at colleges and universities who teach  courses on energy efficiency, energy policy, energy systems and energy regulation. Its focus is on the theory,  policy, programs and best practices associated with energy efficiency. For students who use this textbook   and move on to have a career in the energy industry, the intent of this course is to provide them with a   comprehensive understanding of the key elements associated with energy efficiency.  PREFACE  Section 1 - Theories, Policies and Programs  Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency - Policies, Programs and Best Practices  This material in this textbook is broken  down into three main sections. The first will cover the theories, policies and   programs applicable to all jurisdictions.  It	consists	of	11	chapters	with	links	to	references.	The	 definitions	provided	are	designed	for	energy-efficiency	 practitioners	so	they	are	focused	on	energy.	The	first	 chapter	is	an	introduction	to	energy	efficiency	where	 the	different	types	of	energy	efficiency	are	identified	 and	defined,	the	importance	of	energy	efficiency	is	 summarized	as	well	as	its	benefits	and	challenges.	 The	second	chapter	defines	some	of	the	energy-related	 terms that are used in the sector. The third chapter  discusses building energy models, cabinet submis- sions	and	briefing	notes.	This	is	covered	early	in	the	 book	as	one	of	the	suggested	group	projects	to	model	 the	impacts	of	different	energy-efficiency	measures	 in	a	specific	building	(such	as	a	university	building);	 doing	this	early	allows	student	teams	sufficient	time	to	 perform	the	exercise.	The	fourth	chapter	summarizes	 the	three	main	types	of	energy	efficiency:	behavioural,	 new	technology	and	demand	response.	The	fifth	 chapter	summarizes	the	drivers,	barriers	and	policy	 options, and the sixth focuses on the various aspects  associated	with	the	economics	of	energy	efficiency	 and	project	financing.	The	seventh	chapter	is	a	brief	 summary	of	the	various	energy-efficiency	measures	 currently available for the built environment as well as  for transportation systems. The next three chapters  cover	the	role	of	energy	efficiency	in	energy	planning	 (from	both	the	system	and	community	levels);	the	plan- ning,	design	and	implementation	of	energy-efficiency	 policies and programs; and the evaluation, measure- ment	and	verification	of	programs.	This	section	ends	 with	some	final	thoughts	on	moving	forward. The second section consists of a summary of   current best practices as well as details regarding  the names and responsibilities of specific   government, regulator and utility organizations   in specific jurisdictions.  This section will be updated on a regular basis and  jurisdictions will be added as funding becomes avail- able.	The	first	three	case	studies	are	for	Ontario:	they	 include	one	on	energy	efficiency	in	the	electricity	  system; a commentary on the past, present and  future of energy conservation; and two case studies  of natural gas conservation programs. The other two  case studies are on British Columbia and Nova Scotia.  Future	editions	will	include	case	studies	on	Quebec	 and	on	evaluation,	measurement	and	verification.	 The third section consists of sample   course materials such as templates for cabinet  submissions, briefing notes, regulatory   submissions, building audits, informative   videos, articles and mid-term tests. The development and free online availability of this  textbook	was	made	possible	by	generous	contributions	 from	York	University’s	Faculty	of	Environmental	  Studies,	Enbridge	Gas	Distribution,	the	B.C.	Ministry	  of	Energy	and	Mines,	FortisBC,	Efficiency	One	and	the	 Alberta	Energy	Efficiency	Alliance. And	a	special	thank	you	to	the	contributors	to	this	  textbook:	Andrew	Pape-Salmon	and	his	team	from	  the	B.C.	Ministry	of	Energy	and	Mines	who	authored	 the B.C. case study; Brendan Haley from Dalhousie  University	who	authored	the	Nova	Scotia	case	study;	 and	Jesse	Row	from	the	Alberta	Energy	Efficiency	 Alliance	who	authored	the	case	study	on	Alberta.	A	 special	thanks	to	Econoler	for	granting	permission	to	 reprint the case studies on Ontario, British Columbia  and Energy Service Performance Contracts from its  upcoming publication Canadian Energy Efficiency  Outlook;	Energy	Regulation	Quarterly	for	granting	 permission to reprint the article “The Past, Present   and	Future	of	Energy	Conservation	in	Ontario”;	and	 Susan Doyle for granting permission to reprint her  teaching	tool	“How	to	Write	a	Briefing	Note.”	 DEDICATION It	is	amazingly	wonderful	to	love	and	to	be	loved.	  This	book	is	dedicated	to	my	wife,	Melanie.	Thank	  you	for	everything	that	makes	my	life	so	rewarding. iv Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency - Policies, Programs and Best Practices Section 1 - Theories, Policies and Programs Section 1 - Theories, Policies and Programs  Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency - Policies, Programs and Best Practices  1 The	IEA	uses	energy	intensity	as	a	way	to	measure	 energy	efficiency	and	has	found	that	energy	intensity	 has	decreased	worldwide	by	an	average	of	2.1%/ year	since	2010,	up	from	an	average	rate	of	1.3%/ year between 1970 and 2010.1	A	more	general	term	is	 demand-side	management	(DSM),	which	was	devel- oped to differentiate solutions that focus on reducing  the demand for energy as opposed to increasing the  supply of energy. In Ontario, this is the term applied  to	energy	efficiency	in	the	natural	gas	sector,	which	is	 regulated	by	the	Ontario	Energy	Board	(see	Ontario	 Case Study in Chapter 1 of Section 2). While	this	is	a	useful	starting	point,	it	will	be	benefi- cial	to	break	down	this	broad	definition	into	its	main	 components. The six main categories of solutions that  focus on reducing energy demand are: • Conservation Behaviour – This is using existing  technology in ways that reduce energy consump- tion. It is often referred to as energy conservation.  Examples include turning off lights when leaving a  room, turning off computers when not in use and  programming smart thermostats to reduce energy  consumption when not needed. The essential   feature of these approaches is that they do not  require the purchase of new technologies but do  require a personal change in behaviour. • System Operations – This is ensuring that entire  systems are maintained and operated in the most  efficient	manner.	While	behavioural	change	has	a	 large impact in homes, ensuring heating, ventilation  and	air	conditioning	(HVAC)	systems	are	operating	 at their optimal level has a large impact in commer- cial,	institutional	and	industrial	facilities.	Like	behav- iour change, this does not require the purchase of  new technologies. • New Technology – This is replacing older, less  energy-efficient	technologies	with	newer,	more	 energy-efficient	ones.	It	is	often	referred	to	as	 energy	efficiency.	As	in	the	IEA’s	definition	above,	 this can be replacing old incandescent light bulbs  with	newer,	more	energy-efficient	ones.	It	can	also	 include	whole	systems	as	in	a	house	or	office	  building. • Demand Response – This is reducing energy   demand at certain times of the day when the sys- tem is nearing its limits. This is a uniquely electricity  measure, as there is limited ability in current elec- tricity systems to store excess energy when there  is surplus capacity to use it later when the system  is	at	its	peak. DEFINITION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY One the first challenges in understanding energy efficiency is to clarify what, exactly, is meant by the   term energy efficiency. The International Energy Agency (IEA) defines energy efficiency as: Energy efficiency is a way of managing and restraining the growth in energy consumption. Something is more  energy efficient if it delivers more services for the same energy input or the same services for less energy  input. For example, when a compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulb uses less energy (one-third to one-fifth) than  an incandescent bulb to produce the same amount of light, the CFL is considered to be more energy efficient. CHAPTER 1  INTRODUCTION	  TO	ENERGY	EFFICIENCY  2 Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency - Policies, Programs and Best Practices Section 1 - Theories, Policies and Programs The most recent IPCC report also clearly noted the  important role of reducing energy use in reducing this  impact.	The	IEA,	formed	by	G20	governments	after	the	 oil embargos of the 1970s, has concluded that “rising  fossil-fuel energy use will lead to irreversible and   potentially catastrophic climate change.”3 Ban Ki-moon,  when	he	was	Secretary	General	of	the	UN	and	facing	 massive problems around the world, was quoted   as saying that “slowing or even reversing the existing  trends	of	global	warming	is	the	defining	challenge	  of our age.”4 Research has also clearly shown that it is the accumu- lation	of	carbon	dioxide	(CO2),	methane	(CH4), nitrous  oxide	(N2O) and few other gases that together have an  effect similar to warming in a greenhouse. This effect  was	first	identified	in	1824.	They	are	thus	often	referred	 to	as	greenhouse	gas	(GHG)	emissions.	The	relative	 global	warming	potential	(GWP)	of	CO2, CH4 and N2O  are	1,	25	and	298,	respectively.5 The most common  method of reporting the GWP is using CO2 equivalent  (CO2e), which is the quantity of CO2 that would have  the same GWP as the actual mixture of the GHG  emissions over 100 years. While there has been much more written about the  reality of climate change, how it relates to CO2 emis- sions and higher general public recognition of the  issue, there is far less general public understanding of  the causes of these emissions. This is despite the fact  that the relationship between CO2 emissions and the  increase	in	GHG	impacts	was	first	described	in	1896.	 As	part	of	each	country’s	reports	on	progress	towards	 meeting GHG emission reduction targets, there is  usually a summary of the sources of these emissions.  In Canada, the most recent report concluded that fully  81%	of	Canada’s	man-made	greenhouse	gases	come	 from the production and use of energy.6	Figure	1.1	 summarizes	the	breakdown	from	all	sources,	includ- ing	those	associated	with	energy:	oil	and	gas	(25%),	 transportation	(23%),	buildings	(12%)	and	emission- intensive,	trade-exposed	industries	(11%). • On-Site Generation	–	Although	technically	a	gen- eration approach, many jurisdictions consider small  (

Dr. Vidhya · Accepted Answer

Running Head: PAPER 	1
TITLE OF THE ASSIGNMENT 		5
Report briefing o Climate Change Strategy 
Table of Contents
Introduction	3
First Heading of the Assignment	3
First Subheading of This Main Heading	3
Second Subheading of This Main Heading	3
Second Heading of the Assignment and so on…	3
Conclusion	3
References	4
Climate Change
	Changes in climate have affected the policymaking procedure of national government towards making a society that is driven from sustainable options for climate. The stability of climate has been an ongoing concern which implies rigorous efforts are yet to me made in order to ensure that the climate change based challenges such as fire, flood or drought are overcome through positive interventions. For British Columbia, the new strategic assessment of the climate change based risk factors is decisive for the upcoming two years. Successful implementation of the same would lead to address major area like wildfire, shortage of water in summer or the heat waves etc
The Overview and Impact 
	At first,

Climate Action Strategy [ULO 8.2, 8.3] Objectives By the end of the assignments, students will be able to Assess the role of provincial governments in addressing market barriers to mitigate and adapt...

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