Answer To: Technical Briefing Paper - Report Template Title Abstract (150~250 words – not included in the word...
Amar answered on Oct 20 2021
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Running Header: Technical Briefing Paper – How Do We Reduce Potable Water Use in Urban Developments
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Technical Briefing Paper – How Do We Reduce Potable Water Use in Urban Developments
Technical Briefing Paper – How Do We Reduce Potable Water Use in Urban Developments
Abstract
Over past decade and more, various regions across the globe continue to experience severe levels of droughts which has effectively impacted the security of regional level water supply. In addition to this, it is further foreseen that the anthropogenic led climate changes shall lead to the increases in the drought risks across various regions around the globe. Water security with respect to any urban developments can often be noted in being influenced negatively on account of the growth in population, competitions with respect to other set of demands like for example environment, agriculture, etc., over-extraction, droughts, as well as pollution relating to the sources for fresh water. In this context, this report presents review of the overall risks, management, and conservation facing the use and management of potable water, and determine technological and scientific approaches to reduce and conserve the use of potable water. In specific, this report undertook a detailed review of literature pertaining to the research context by searching across the Google Scholar platform using specific set of search terms.
Table of Contents
Abstract 2
Introduction 4
Research Background 4
Aims, Approach & Methods 5
Literature Review 6
Influences on the Choice to Conserve Water 6
Contextual Factors 6
Household Characteristics 7
Inconvenience & Impracticality 8
Water Conservation Behaviours 9
Analysis & Findings 12
Conclusion 15
References 16
Introduction
Research Background
Over past decade and more, various regions across the globe continue to experience severe levels of droughts which has effectively impacted the security of regional level water supply. In addition to this, it is further foreseen that the anthropogenic led climate changes shall lead to the increases in the drought risks across various regions around the globe (Liu et al., 2016; Nguyen et al., 2018; Moglia et al., 2018). Some of the regions that are water stressed include California in United States as well Cape Town in South Africa. With respect to California, severe levels of drought led to the limitation of the water that is available for supporting a significantly large sized population (Liu et al., 2016; Nguyen et al., 2018; Moglia et al., 2018). In case of Cape Town, extended levels of drought led to the dwindling of reservoirs as well as a possibility for actually the “day zero” scenario wherein supplies of potable water shall be fully run-out to this modern city which is home of a population aggregating to ~3.7 million which is caused clearly on account of the combination of reasons which primarily include drought as well as mismanagement. Water security with respect to any urban developments can often be noted in being influenced negatively on account of the growth in population, competitions with respect to other set of demands like for example environment, agriculture, etc., over-extraction, droughts, as well as pollution relating to the sources for fresh water (Liu et al., 2016; Nguyen et al., 2018; Moglia et al., 2018). However, within the typical context, it shall be while the drought strikes in that the vulnerabilities underlying shall start to become evident, and at times not permitting the planners with adequate time for effectively responding. To take an example, studies have placed argument in that the supply of potable water and affiliated crisis across Cape Town to the most extent resulted from poor form of management as well as planning wherein the decisions had been undertaken on the basis of populist politics instead of scientific assessment concerning the drought risks (Liu et al., 2016; Nguyen et al., 2018; Moglia et al., 2018). Studies further argued in that the demand side interventions concerning potable water, that is, water conservation, shall form the essential priority in the climate adaptation context with respect to Cape Town. More specifically, conservation measures relating to potable water could be implemented rapidly as a response for the drought related events, whilst the interventions for augmenting the supply have significantly longer amount of lead time in reducing the security stress pertaining to potable water. With benefits from hindsight perspective, it can be argued that the same had not been prudent for implementing the conservation measures for potable water (Liu et al., 2016; Nguyen et al., 2018; Moglia et al., 2018). In case of Australia, responses towards drought has transformed how the cities across Australia undertake both the sourcing of water as well as the manner in which they actually use it. In actual, on account of the length pertaining to droughts, many studies argue in that the same has led to the changes with respect to the culture concerning water management across Australia (Liu et al., 2016; Nguyen et al., 2018; Moglia et al., 2018).
Aims, Approach & Methods
In this context, this report aims to review the overall risks, management, and conservation facing the use and management of potable water, and determine technological and scientific approaches to reduce and conserve the use of potable water.
In specific, this report undertakes a detailed review of literature pertaining to the research context by searching across the Google Scholar platform using the following search terms: [1] “Water conservation” and Urban, [2] “Rainwater harvesting” and “water saving”, [3] “Smart meter” and “water saving”, [4] water conservation, urban, and awareness, [5] “potable water use management” and urban.
Literature Review
Influences on the Choice to Conserve Water
The overall choice for the conservation of potable water shall rely on the contextual factors akin to that of household level characteristics, inconvenience as well as practicality levels concerning the practices, attitudes / social norms pertaining to households, etc. (Koech et al., 2018; Moy de Vitry et a;., 2019; Quesnel & Ajami, 2019). Studies in this context have determined evidence by way of Australia focused studies in that the adoption of the conservation measures for potable water was driven through the process entailing personal involvement environmental awareness, contextual factors like income, and habit formation (Koech et al., 2018; Moy de Vitry et a;., 2019; Quesnel & Ajami, 2019).
Contextual Factors
There appears to be contextual factors which have influence with respect to demand for potable water in addition to the potential for conserving potable water (Koech et al., 2018; Moy de Vitry et a;., 2019; Quesnel & Ajami, 2019). To take an example, within contexts of Sydney, studies have illustrated that the changes with respect to patterns in rainfall, temperature, as well as evaporation have moderate levels of impact over water demand. It is in addition known that urban development and urban designing, type of soil, as well as urban greenery have led to impacts over urban heat in addition to demand in potable water (Koech et al., 2018; Moy de Vitry et a;., 2019; Quesnel & Ajami, 2019). The same has in addition been noted that within the contexts of California, that overall potential with respect to water savings represents greatest over the summer months (Koech et al., 2018; Moy de Vitry et a;., 2019; Quesnel & Ajami, 2019).
Household Characteristics
The household level characteristics have influence with respect to demand for potable water as well as overall potentials concerning the conservation of potable water, like that of – [1] higher levels of income have been generally noted in being affiliated to the higher levels of potable water demand, [2] larger size of...