Choose any one of the set topics covering contemporary issues (which you will be able to access below this message), research it widely in journal, books, professional magazines etc, and write a...

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Choose any one of the set topics covering contemporary issues (which you will be able to access below this message), research it widely in journal, books, professional magazines etc, and write a reasoned essay about the issue and its implications for macroeconomic outcomes and policy. Some suggested questions to address are given under each set topic. You may address some or all of these.


·Format: Maximum 1500 words. You may use any number of figures and diagrams and tables. Use 12 point font, 1.5 line spaces and A4 page size.


·Remember to cite any writing that is not your own using quotation marks for exact word passages. Turnitin detects copied material from anywhere at any time globally. Put everything in your words, or else cite it explicitly.


I've attached the marking rubric so please look at it and follow the guidelines.




Untitled ECON3011: Essay Assignment Choose one of the topics below on contemporary issues, research it widely in journal, books, professional magazines, etc and write a reasoned essay about the issue and its implications for macroeconomic outcomes and policy. Some suggested sub- questions to address are given under each topic; you may address some or all of these sub-questions. · Format: Maximum 1500 words. You may use any number of figures and diagrams and tables. Use 12 point font, 1.5 line spaces and A4 page size. · Remember to cite any writing that is not your own, and you must use quotation marks for text written by another author. The essays will be submitted online on iLearn through TURNITIN that can detect copied material from anywhere at any time globally. Put everything in your words or cite it explicitly. · Late submissions that have not been supported by the University with a Special Consideration application will incur a penalty. CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING POSSIBLE TOPICS 1. Why are interest rates generally so low at present? Focus on nominal versus real interest rates, on saving-investment equilibrium models, on demographic trends, on technology trends, on globalization. Consider negative interest rates and their implications. What are the effects of COVID-19 on interest rates? When, why and how far might interest rates rise? 2. Why are real wages growing so slowly? Is the Phillips curve still relevant? Focus on the changing nature of jobs – technology, globalization; effect on underemployment. What has happened to the modern Phillips curve? If it does not work empirically, does this mean the New Keynesian macro model is dead? How has the COVID-19 shock and the policy responses affected wage growth? 3. Should central banks always conduct both conventional and unconventional monetary policies? Explain how each works. Focus on the effectiveness and limitations of forward guidance and longer-term asset purchases by major central banks after 2008. What is the RBA’s current approach to unconventional policy in 2020-21? What are the economic activity benefits and risks of these policies? Should we be concerned about the large expansion of central banks' balance sheets? 4. Evaluate the performance of inflation targeting by the RBA. How can it be improved? Compare with some of the possible alternatives like nominal income targeting. Should the RBA be concerned about asset price inflation? Is inflation targeting still relevant in 2021 with such low inflation and almost zero short rates? Is fiscal policy now more relevant? With fiscal policy effectively targeting the unemployment rate, how does this affect monetary policy? 5. What is the most likely cause of the next major financial crisis? Will it be different to previous crises? Refer to the most recent financial crisis and its aftermath, including policy responses. Consider financial imbalances in, for example, housing markets, sovereign debt markets. Is financial regulation in Australia effective enough to avoid a financial crisis here? 6. Facebook plans to introduce a digital currency LIBRA, and many central banks are considering their own digital currencies or have begun experimenting with them (eg China). How will these currencies work? Compare them to existing crypto- and digital- currencies (like BITCOIN). What are the monetary, financial, macroeconomic and policy implications of digital currencies? Should the RBA introduce a digital currency? 7. What are the most promising technological innovations now? How will they affect/disrupt the economies of the world? Focus on artificial intelligence, machine learning, ITC, robotics. What are the likely macroeconomic implications of these innovations? Relate your answer to endogenous growth modelling. How will the extended lockdown and distancing caused by governments' responses to COVID-19 affect future productivity? 8. Discuss the trends in inequality in rich countries? What are the macroeconomic policy implications? Compare trends in income and wealth inequality. Explain how these are measured. What are the main causes of the trends? Why should we care? What are governments doing to combat these trends? Are they doing enough? How does Australia compare with other rich countries? Untitled EC O N 30 11 -- E ss ay M ar ki ng R ub ric Fa il Pa ss C re di t D is tin ct io n H ig h D is tin ct io n Ar tic ul at io n of is su e Is su e is n ot c le ar ly a nd /o r co rr ec tly id en tif ie d an d/ or de fin ed . Is su e is re as on ab ly c le ar ly a nd co rr ec tly id en tif ie d an d de fin ed . Is su e is m os tly c le ar ly a nd co rr ec tly id en tif ie d an d de fin ed . Is su e is c le ar ly a nd c or re ct ly id en tif ie d an d de fin ed , p ro vi di ng so m e or ig in al /in no va tiv e/ ad va nc ed in si gh t i nt o th e is su e. Is su e is c le ar ly a nd c or re ct ly id en tif ie d an d de fin ed , p ro vi di ng si gn ifi ca nt o rig in al /in no va tiv e/ ad va nc ed in si gh t i nt o th e is su e. An al ys is a nd Ev al ua tio n In fo rm at io n an al ys ed is in su ffi ci en t, irr el ev an t a nd /o r in ap pr op ria te ; t he or ie s, c on ce pt s, fra m ew or ks , m od el s, te ch ni qu es an d/ or to ol s us ed in th e an al ys is ar e in su ffi ci en t, irr el ev an t a nd /o r in ap pr op ria te ; a nd /o r t he a na ly si s is u nc le ar a nd /o r i ns uf fic ie nt . In fo rm at io n fro m k ey re le va nt / ap pr op ria te s ou rc es is a na ly se d us in g ke y re le va nt /a pp ro pr ia te th eo rie s, c on ce pt s, fr am ew or ks , m od el s, te ch ni qu es a nd /o r t oo ls to d ev el op a re as on ab ly c le ar an d re as on ab ly c om pr eh en si ve an al ys is . In fo rm at io n fro m k ey re le va nt / ap pr op ria te s ou rc es is a na ly se d us in g ke y re le va nt /a pp ro pr ia te th eo rie s, c on ce pt s, fr am ew or ks , m od el s, te ch ni qu es a nd /o r t oo ls to d ev el op a c le ar a nd re as on ab ly c om pr eh en si ve an al ys is . In fo rm at io n fro m a b ro ad ra ng e of re le va nt /a pp ro pr ia te s ou rc es is an al ys ed u si ng a b ro ad ra ng e of re le va nt /a pp ro pr ia te th eo rie s, co nc ep ts , f ra m ew or ks , m od el s, te ch ni qu es a nd /o r t oo ls to de ve lo p a c le ar a nd co m pr eh en si ve a na ly si s. In fo rm at io n fro m a n ex te ns iv e ra ng e of re le va nt /a pp ro pr ia te so ur ce s is a na ly se d us in g an ex te ns iv e ra ng e of re le va nt /a pp ro pr ia te th eo rie s, co nc ep ts , f ra m ew or ks , m od el s, te ch ni qu es a nd /o r t oo ls to de ve lo p a s op hi st ic at ed c le ar an d co m pr eh en si ve a na ly si s. Po si tio n an d So lu tio ns A n in su ffi ci en t r an ge o f p ot en tia l po si tio ns a nd s ol ut io ns a
Answered 17 days AfterMar 31, 2021ECON3011Macquaire University

Answer To: Choose any one of the set topics covering contemporary issues (which you will be able to access...

Komalavalli answered on Apr 10 2021
152 Votes
Why are interest rates generally so low at present?
Contents
Introduction:    3
Saving-investment equilibrium models:    3
Demographic trend and interest rate:    5
Technology trends and interest rate    5
Globalization and interest rate:    6
Negative interest rate and its implication    6
Impact of Covid 19 on Australian economy    7
Introduction:
    The interest rate is a key macroeconomic variable that is used to observ
e the state of the economy. This composites two functions, the cost of borrowing, and the return on savings. Investing often requires the use of borrowed money, the cost of borrowing is expressed through the interest rate, whereas the return on savings is similarly represented through the interest rate.
The nominal interest rate is the interest rate before correcting for inflation. The nominal interest rate differs from the actual interest rate in terms of inflation adjustment and the efficient interest rate in terms of compounding adjustment.
Nominal interest rates may be influenced by a variety of causes, including capital demand and supply, federal government activity, central bank monetary policy. The short-term nominal interest rate is used by central banks as a monetary policy instrument. For example,
The interest rate is reduced during a downturn to influence spending and consumption, whereas during an upturn the interest rate is increased to deter high spending and to reduce inflationary pressures.
Saving-investment equilibrium models:
The Keynesian saving and investment equilibrium looks as the dynamic between the household and business sectors.
The household Sector consist of anyone in an economy that buys goods and services is included in the household sector. It refers to an economy's entire workforce. The household sector is in control of gross domestic product spending expenses. Similarly, the economic sector consists of the economy's individual, profit-seeking businesses that combine finite capital to provide wants-and-needs fulfilling goods and services. The private sector is in control of gross domestic product spending investments.
In a simplistic macroeconomics model with no government spending and no foreign market, we have: Y = C + S, where S represents personal savings, Y represents real GDP, and C represents real demand spending.
Real GDP is calculated as a flow of earnings that are either spent or saved. In a state of equilibrium, all profits are expended. We only have two forms of spending: C and I,
As a result, Y = C+I, or Real GDP, is expended on consumption and investment in equilibrium. As we substitute for how profits are distributed, we get C + S = C + I or I = S. In a closed economy model, equilibrium can be expressed as I = S,
However, suppose investment spending increases as a result of contraction in the economy, causes the IS curve to move to the left of I(r) to I’(r). Consumption has a multiplier impact on national income and product. The equilibrium interest rate will then decreases before savings and spending are equal again. [In the diagram, point F] If this occurs, all investment consumption and savings levels will decreases until they are equal again. At point F equilibrium there will low interest rate and output (Y).
Demographic trend and interest rate:
Over the course of a lifetime, individuals tend to save at different rates. Midigliani and Milton (REF) proposed a theory of lifecycle hypothesis which attempts to explain this. They propose that population ageing is a natural reason and it is a problem that has important implications for household savings. Savings differ over our lifetimes in an inverted U-shaped pattern, according to the life cycle hypothesis established by Nobel Laureates in Economics Franco Modigliani and Milton Friedman, among others: the theory assumes that the young and elderly save the least, while the middle-aged save the most. The need to preserve a reasonably consistent standard of life over time drives this trend. To do this, people must invest more at younger ages where their income is higher, and then use these opportunities to increase their quality of life at older ages...
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