check the attached files.....I have uploaded 5 different articles...so please select these 5 articles only...check question properly and rubic as well...
ASSESSMENT TEMPLATE___________________________________________________ Subject Title Sustainable Tourism Development Subject Code HOS803 Lecturer / Tutor Dr Chengeto Chaderopa Semester February 2019 Semester Assessment Title Individual Assignment - Annotations Learning Outcome/s 2, 3 & 5 Assessment type (group or individual) Individual Weighting 25% Total Word count 2300 words excluding references and appendices Due date Week 9: 3 MAY 2019 Class submission Lecture ☐ Tutorial ☐ Submission type Paper copy ☐ Turnitin ☒ Format / Layout of Assessment . Due date Week 9: 3 MAY 2019 Class submission Lecture ☐ Tutorial ☐ Submission type Paper copy ☐ Turnitin x Format / Layout of Assessment Annotated Bibliography ICMS Cover Page Synopsis / Executive Summary Introduction-Full bibliographic details Rationale-Purpose or Research Gap Methods Major ideas about sustainable tourism development revealed in the literature review section of each article. Key Findings and Conclusions: Reflections x x x x x x x X X X Essay: ICMS Cover Page Abstract Introduction Body Conclusion Recommendations Reference List Appendices ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Oral Presentation: Paper submission PowerPoint submission Peer review (group presentation) Reference List ☐ ☐ ☐ Other: (outline specific details here – use check boxes) Assessment instructions You are required to develop an Annotated Bibliography To complete this bibliography, you need to select five contemporary research articles on the changing perspectives on sustainable tourism development. You are to summarise each article, addressing the rationale for the research, methods, major ideas about sustainable tourism development revealed in the literature review section of each article; and key findings and conclusions made by the author/s (each around 400 words each- 5annotations x 400 words= 2000 words). Finally, you are required to summarise your review in the form of an Executive Summary (300 words) Readings for the assessment (instructions where they can be found e.g. MyAthens database, Moodle etc.) Grading Criteria / Rubric Peer Review Evaluation (group work – optional) Page 1 of 2 Diffusion of innovation: The case of ethical tourism behavior Journal of Business Research 69 (2016) 2711–2720 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Business Research Diffusion of innovation: The case of ethical tourism behavior Alexandra Ganglmair-Wooliscroft ⁎, Ben Wooliscroft 1 Department of Marketing, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9010, New Zealand ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +64 3 479 8167; fax: +6 E-mail addresses: Alexandra.Ganglmair@otago.ac.nz ( Ben.Wooliscroft@otago.ac.nz (B. Wooliscroft). 1 Tel.: +64 3 479 8445; fax: +64 3 479 8172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.11.006 0148-2963/© 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 23 October 2014 Received in revised form 5 November 2015 Accepted 5 November 2015 Available online 19 November 2015 Ethical consumption is increasingly important for governments, consumers and researchers. Adopting new ethical tourist behavior requires consumer innovation. Using a sample of ordinary travelers, the research inves- tigates behavioral innovativeness through constructing a hierarchy of Ethical Tourist Behavior (ETB). As ETB fits the Rasch Model, behavior might provide a link between the relatively static individual innovativeness and the dynamic Diffusion of InnovationModel. Universalism, age and gender influence behavioral ethical tourist in- novativeness. Using Rasch Modeling and relating results to the levels of adoption and Diffusion of Innovations, companies gain insights about the success potential and uptake of future innovations. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Ethical behavior Diffusion of innovation Rasch Modeling Consumer innovativeness Tourism 1. Introduction The level of consumption in the developed world is not sustainable (Sheth, Sethia, & Srinivas, 2011). Governments, NPOs, businesses, and consumers accept the need for sustainable development, but investiga- tions reveal a large gap between intention and implementation (Dexhage and Murphy, 2010). The acceleration of sustainable produc- tion and consumption patterns is the overarching goal of a major 10-year United Nations initiative that includes six focus areas (UNEP, 2015) including Sustainable Tourism development (Zorba and UNEP Secretariat, 2014). The tourism industry is an essential economic sector for developing and developed countries, with tourists' spending accounting for 9% of worldwide GDP in 2012 (Bonham and Mak, 2014). The industry's environmental impact is responsible for 14% of all greenhouse gases (McKercher and Prideaux, 2011). The high emission levels cause the sector's substantial impact on climate change (McKercher, Prideaux, Cheung, and Law, 2010). Consumers have an increasing interest in ethical and/or sustainable consumption (Carrington, Neville, and Whitwell, 2010). Ethical issues are more salient and consumers start to act accordingly (Newholm and Shaw, 2007). Previous research finds considerable evidence that people act less ethically on holiday than in their daily lives (Dolnicar and Grün, 2009). Tourists undertake different behaviors and ethical holiday behaviors' adoption occurs only slowly (Kroesen, 2013). Activities, practices or ideas that consumers perceive as new 4 3 479 8172. A. Ganglmair-Wooliscroft), are innovations (Goldsmith, d'Hauteville, and Flynn, 1998) and the newuptake of ethical holiday behavior is a sign of consumer innovative- ness (Roehrich, 2004). This research develops a hierarchy of Ethical Tourist Behavior (ETB) and, using the RaschModel (Rasch, 1960/80), explores whether report- ed ETB can provide a link between individual behavioral innovativeness and Diffusion of Innovation (Rogers, 1995). By definition, Rasch's logis- tic Item Response Curve (Bond and Fox, 2007) and the Diffusion of Innovation's cumulative adoption function are identical. If behavior that people report fits the Rasch Model, the model might act as a link between relatively stable individual innovativeness and the dynamic Diffusion of Innovation Model. The Rasch Model is perfectly suitable for this type of investigation as its results reveal the structure of the behavioral variable; providing information about the relatively static behavioral summary variable, while suggesting information about future diffusion. 2. Background: innovativeness, adoption and diffusion of innovation Companies' success relies on their ability to provide innovative products and services that satisfy customer needs (Hauser, Tellis, and Griffin, 2006). Understanding consumer innovativeness is one of inno- vation research's essential components (Steenkamp, Hofstede, and Wedel, 1999). Consumer innovativeness is “the consumption of new- ness” (Roehrich, 2004, p. 671). The conceptualization embraces any idea, practice, or object that appears new to the consumer (Lockett and Littler, 1997). Although most consumer innovativeness research refers to product adoptions (Im, Mason, and Houston, 2007), service adoption receives some attention, often relating to online adoption http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.11.006&domain=pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.11.006 mailto:Ben.Wooliscroft@otago.ac.nz http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.11.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01482963 2712 A. Ganglmair-Wooliscroft, B. Wooliscroft / Journal of Business Research 69 (2016) 2711–2720 behavior, particularly financial service's online adoption (Lassar, Manolis, and Lassar, 2005). Consumer innovativeness takes a view of innovativeness as the general desire to “seek out the new and different” (Hirschman, 1980, p. 285) or focuses on behavior by exploring the “degree to which an individual is relatively earlier in adopting an innovation than other members of his system” (Rogers and Shoemaker, 1971, p. 27). A recent review categorizes studies on consumer innovativeness into three broad research approaches (Bartels and Reinders, 2011). Innate innovativeness refers to a general personality trait while domain-specific innovativeness (DSI) captures innovativeness within a product class, recognizing that involvement with product classes varies (Bartels and Reinders, 2011). Domain specific innovation (DSI) is a stronger predictor of behavioral innovativeness than innate innova- tiveness and is the most popular approach to measure the construct (Bartels and Reinders, 2011). Consumer innovation research's most direct form refers to the concept's behavioral manifestation; “actualized innovativeness” (Im, Bayus, and Mason, 2003, p. 62), which adheres to Rogers and Shoemaker's (1971) classic definition; adopting relatively earlier than other members of society. The behavior can refer to really-new product acceptance (Jansson, 2011), but in many cases the term refers to a change in consumption patterns by purchasing different products or brands (Roehrich, 2004) that consumers perceive as new. Actualized in- novativeness might manifest itself by simply switching from one brand to a different brand (Steenkamp et al., 1999;Wood and Swait, 2002), or by adopting a product that has become newly available in a geographic area (Goldsmith et al., 1998; Steenkamp et al., 1999). Studies exploring innovativeness' behavioral manifestation frequently apply ownership surveys using cross-sectional samples (Im et al., 2003). Researchers ask consumers to indicate on an existing list which items they currently use/own. Product ownership level comparison across the population is themost reliable approach when investigating consumer innovativeness (Im et al., 2007) and studies employ this approach in various contexts (Im et al. (2003). Innovativeness and Adoption of Innovation refer to a relatively static individual characteristic, while the Diffusion of Innovation Model takes a dynamic perspective and looks at an innovation's spread through a population. Diffusion of Innovation research, popular in marketing since the 1970s, explores how “an idea, practice, or object perceived