Can a correctional sanction or program be expected to have an impact on an offender for three or even five years after the termination of the sanction or program? Another concern is that social...

Can a correctional sanction or program be expected to have an impact on an offender for three or even five years after the termination of the sanction or program? Another concern is that social science research designs often have difficulty controlling for the many external and internal factors that can affect recidivism rates.