attached
BSC2010 MODULE 2 UNIT 1 WORKSHEET ___________________________________ WILLOUGHBY NAME Chapter 6 – METABOLISM 1. Define metabolism. 2. Explain the difference between anabolism and catabolism. 3. Write the chemical equation for the catabolism of glucose. 4. Explain what is meant by the term “metabolic pathway”. 5. Draw simple sketches to show the difference between anabolism and catabolism. Be sure to include a representation of how energy is either taken up by the reaction or released by the reaction. 6. Add labels to the above diagram, indicating which reaction is exergonic and which reaction is endergonic. 7. These diagrams show two different types of energy on a molecular/cellular level. On the lines provided, write “potential” or “kinetic” to indicate the type of energy shown. ______________________________ ______________________________ 8. What part of a molecule holds a type of potential energy known as chemical energy? 9. Define “free energy”. 10. Define “activation energy”. 11. What is entropy? 12. The original energy source for most living systems is ____________________. 13. State the First Law of Thermodynamics and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. 14. How is the concept of “heat” related to molecule movement? 15. If energy enters the biosphere in the form of sunlight, in what form does energy leave a biological system? 16. One of these two diagrams represents entropy. Which one? (circle your choice) 17. Complete this table. Note: “∆” is pronounced “delta” and it means “change” or difference”. 18. The graph below indicates the progress over time of a chemical reaction. Draw a bracket to label the area of the curve representing the “activation energy”. Is the reaction endergonic or exergonic? ____________________ Draw arrows from the words “reactant” and “product” to label the corresponding parts of the diagram. 19. How does a catalyst affect the activation energy required for a chemical reaction? 20. This is a simplified sketch of a molecule of ATP. Circle the ribose sugar, use an arrow to point to the adenine base, and use a bracket to label the phosphates. Label each part. 21. How is the structure of ATP (shown in 15, above) different from the structure of an adenine nucleotide in DNA? 22. Using a similar diagram to the one in 14, above, draw a simple sketch of ADP. 23. Explain why ATP is not good for long-term energy storage. 24. The chief molecule used for energy transactions in all cells is ____________________. 25. The acronym “ATP” stands for _________________________ _________________________. The acronym “ADP” stands for _________________________ _________________________. The acronym “AMP” stands for _________________________ _________________________. 26. The symbols shown below stand for an inorganic ____________________. What does “inorganic” mean? Hint: You may want to do a search of the words “organic” and “inorganic”. 27. Look at this drawing of the ATP cycle. Then, use your voice to tell the story of how ATP is generated, used, and recycled in cells. (Be sure to include how ATP, inorganic phosphate and ADP are involved in the story. Also include the concepts endergonic, hydrolysis, and exergonic.) Use your own words. It’s okay if you’re just talking to your dog. Consider the drawing above and note how the far left side refers to cells’ many catabolic processes (which release energy), and the far right side refers to the cell’s many anabolic processes (which require energy input). Now, look only at the actual ATP cycle shown in the circular center portion of the diagram. Which part of the ATP cycle itself is catabolic (exergonic) and which part is anabolic (endergonic)? Label these parts of the circular ATP cycle in the simple sketch below. 28. Complete this table. Cellular Process Catabolic or Anabolic? Exergonic or Endergonic? 29. Draw simple sketches of an enzyme and its substrate as they appear before a chemical reaction. Label the active site of the enzyme. Now draw a sketch of the enzyme-substrate complex. And lastly… draw the enzyme only as it appears after the reaction. enzyme substrate enzyme-substrate complex enzyme after reaction 30. Cells have many different types of enzyme molecules. Explain why a particular enzyme only interacts with a specific type of substrate. Hint: It has to do with structure (“form”). 31. Although some enzymes, known as “ribozymes”, are made of RNA, most are made of _______________. 32. When the appropriate enzyme is present, a chemical reaction is __________ (more/less) likely to occur. 33. Do you think this is True or False? Each cell has only one molecule of each type of enzyme. __________ 34. Do you think this is True or False? Once an enzyme helps get a certain type of reaction started, it is unable to do so again. __________ 35. By reducing the activation energy required, an enzyme _______________ (increases/decreases) the chances that a particular chemical reaction will occur. 36. The rate of a particular chemical reaction (how often it occurs in a given time period) is _______________ (increased/decreased) when the appropriate enzyme is involved. 37. One of the sketches below represents an enzyme that can no longer function because it has denatured. Circle the denatured enzyme. 38. How does an enzyme affect the activation energy for a reaction? 39. Molecules called inhibitors can keep an enzyme from doing its job. Label each of the diagrams below to indicate competitive or noncompetitive/allosteric inhibition. ____________________ _____________________ 40. Define “active site” and “substrate”. 41. Describe two things that can happen at the allosteric site of an enzyme. 42. Complete this table. Assists or Inhibits Enzyme? Description/Example 43. Complete this table. Description metabolism anabolism catabolism 44. Draw a simple sketch of a biochemical pathway having 3 enzymatic steps. Label the initial substrate and the end product. Show how the end product can act as an inhibitor for the first step in the pathway. This type of end product action is known as ___________________ inhibition. Chapter 7 – CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1. Energy from the chemical bonds in glucose is extracted and converted into a form that living things can use in a series of metabolic pathways collectively called __________________________________________. 2. Define “redox”. 3. In reduction, a molecule ____________ an electron. In oxidation, a molecule loses an ____________. In dehydrogenation, a molecule loses a ___________, which consists of an electron and a ___________. Hint: Think of an atom of the lightest element, which consists of only two particles. 4. Draw a sketch showing a molecule being oxidized, and a sketch showing a molecule being reduced. Use a large circle to represent “a molecule”, and a small molecule with a “-“ (minus) sign to represent an electron. oxidized reduced 5. “Redox” is a combination of two terms. They are ____________________ and ___________________. 6. In cellular respiration, ____________________ is incrementally released from glucose as electrons are eventually transferred to a final electron acceptor. 7. The electron carrier NAD has two forms, NAD+ and NADH. Which one is the reduced form? ____________ Which form has more potential energy? ____________ 8. Define “phosphorylation” and “dephosphorylation”. 9. ADP is phosphorylated to make ATP during glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle, and by way of the electron transport chain with chemiosmosis. Which two of these processes make ATP by way of substrate-level phosphorylation? 10. Which one of these processes makes ATP by way of oxidative phosphorylation? Note: The Citric Acid Cycle is also known as the “Krebs cycle” or “tricarboxylic acid cycle”. 11. Glycolysis is an aerobic / anaerobic process. (Circle one) 12. Glycolysis begins with a molecule of ______________ and ends with two molecules of ______________. How many net molecules of ATP are made during the breakdown of one glucose during glycolysis? _____ 13. Draw a simple diagram of an animal cell, including the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Also include an unrealistically large mitochondrion, showing its internal details. Use arrows and labels to identify the cellular locations of glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle, and the electron transport chain. 14. Consult Figures 7.6 and 7.7 to draw and label a simple overview