Bobby and Natasha are studying for an exam on the body’s defense system. Natasha insists that the...

Question

Bobby and Natasha are studying for an exam on the body’s defense system. Natasha insists that the action of dendritic cells is part of the nonspecific second line of defense, but Bobby insists that it is part of a specific immune response in the third line of defense. How would you explain to them that they are both correct? Use the following in your response
and spell out the abbreviations:
TLR, PAMP, MHC, APC, T_H
(8 pts)

2. COVID-19 infects lung airway epithelial cells. Using what you know of the immune system (i.e. do not go outside of the textbook/lecture slides), describe the actions of the immune response from initial injury/inflammation to the activation and effector function of the

Cell Mediated Immune Response
.
Decide which types of cells will likely be activated during this infection. Describe and/or diagram the process of
inflammation,

antigen presentation
, and
T cell activation
and
response. (10 pts)

3. One current treatment for COVID-19 is injecting convalescent plasma into infected patients. The goal is the provide antibodies from someone who has recovered to someone who has not yet mounted a sufficient antibody response. Describe the process of B cell activation and response, including a discussion of the four major functions of antibodies and which class is important for each. Use the following in your response
and spell out the abbreviations:
Antigen, T_FH, BCR, IL-4, Follicle, MHC, Plasma cell. (10 pts)

4. Explain why the destruction of CD4+ T cells is so damaging to overall adaptive immune response, as in individuals infected with HIV. Use the following in your response:
Cell Mediated Immunity, Humoral Immunity, Tc, T_FH, B cells, IL-2. (8 pts)

Compare and contrast the phagocytic action of a dendritic cell versus that of a B cell. What is

the key difference

and in what ways are they the same? (4 pts)

P · Accepted Answer

1. The dendritic cells are initiating the immune response by the production of the cytokines and the interleukins and interferon. These in turn activates the helper cells (TH) and finally results in the induction of both adaptive immunity and innate immunity. The dendritic cells act as link between the innate and the adaptive immunity. The dendritic cells are highly expressed on the Antigen presenting cells (APC) and in turn they lack properties, of the other immune cells. They capture the antigens and stimulates the Toll-like receptor (TLR) for the production of the cytokines. The dendritic cells are capable of migration to other organs and initiates the other immune responses. The dendritic cells are peripheral tolerance and does not induce the autoimmune disorders hence, they are being studied in the vaccine development. From, the above point we can conclude that the dendritic cells are involved only in triggering the immune response. Hence, It is a nonspecific immune response and can be a third line of defence.
Reference:
Steinman, R. M., & Hemmi, H. (2006). Dendritic cells: translating innate to adaptive immunity. From innate immunity to immunological memory, 17-58.
2. The virus binds to the ACE2 factor by the using its envelope superficial S glycoprotein. The ACE2 receptor is present on the surfaces of lungs, heart, kidneys, GI tract, liver and bladder which constitutes the as the main targets for the virus to get attached. After the entry of the virus into the body the viral genome is transferred into the host cell and the process of translation begins. The viral genome gets replicates inside the host cell and the new viral particles are enveloped by the host membrane. The process of lysis is an indirect phenomenon, where the infected cells produce interleukins triggering both neutrophils and the T lymphocytes. Both innate and the adaptive immune responses are triggered one after the other.

Bobby and Natasha are studying for an exam on the body’s defense system. Natasha insists that the action of dendritic cells is part of the nonspecific second line of defense, but Bobby insists that it...

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