Blood flow in the human body: Investigate and describe examples of the effects of flow friction in the blood-flow system of the human body and what effects this may have, for example,intermsofhealthyfunctionandillness.
Faculty of Science and Engineering CRICOS Provider Code 00301J ENGR2000 – Fluid Mechanics Instructions for Laboratory #2 Reports Technical Report Overview In your individual technical report, you should describe the experimental work conducted in Laboratory #2, and present and discuss the results, ensuring that you address the objectives of the laboratory activity. In the discussion of your results, you should compare and contrast your experimental values of friction factorwith the corresponding predictions in theMoodyChart for the laminar, transitional and turbulent regimes of flow. Structure The technical report must include the following sections: • Cover page: Provide the following details in the sequence: the university name (14pt), unit code and title (14pt), title of laboratory work (20pt), student name (14pt), student ID (14pt) and date performed (14pt). • Table of contents • List of tables and figures • Introduction: Introduce briefly the significance of the topic investigated in the laboratory work. • Objectives: Describe the main objectives of the experiment. • Nomenclature: List all variables used in the experiment and units. Follow alphabetical order: English symbols and then Greek symbols. • Background and Theory: Provide minimum theory that is only essential to evaluate the quantities of interest in the experiment. • Experimental Method: Describe the apparatus with all instrumentation attached to it that was used for carrying out the experiment. Indicate the range and accuracy of measuring devices. Explain briefly how measurements were made. • Results and Discussion: Present the original measurements and the final computed results with their units. Sample calculations must be presented. Discuss all observable trends or patterns of the readings taken or results computed. Give possible reasons for variations and explain the observed behaviour. Discuss possible sources of errors of measurements and improvements that may lead to better results. • Conclusion: Comment on how satisfactorily the initial objectives of the experiment were achieved. ENGR2000 – Fluid Mechanics | Instructions for Laboratory #2 Reports 1 / 5 Faculty of Science and Engineering CRICOS Provider Code 00301J Application Report Overview The application report is a desk-based investigation of how the concepts of fluid friction, hydraulic gradient (gradient of pressure-loss), wall-roughness and laminar and turbulent flows, demonstrated and quantified through the experimental work of Laboratory #2, are to be found in “real-life” applications. The outcome is a two-page individual report that will be submitted with your laboratory technical report. The purpose of this exercise is to: • Generate an awareness of Fluid Mechanics in the “real world”; • Permit students to explore an area of Fluid Mechanics that lies within their engineering (or general) interests; • Apply theoretical and laboratory-based study to engineering challenges; • Promote, and practise, skills in collecting, sifting, understanding and summarising informa- tion and recording of its sources; and • Develop written and diagrammatic presentational skills. Activity You will select and study one of the topics listed thereafter using information and research resources available through the library or online. Having chosen your topic, the steps in the activity are then: 1. Collection of existing knowledge from books, journals, internet sites, company product information (technical) and any other appropriate source* 2. The information so gathered will need to be reduced to its most important elements, in doing so establishing a hierarchy of information on the topic. 3. The links between the concepts underpinning the experimental work presented in the tech- nical report and the “real world” application (in your chosen topic) should be established. 4. The final part of the exercise requires the preparation of a cogent report that integrates the information gathered and its synthesis and summarises the most important aspects of your chosen topic. * Note that if you use online resources, be very careful to ensure that these come from a reputable source because there many scientifically incorrect websites that have not been “refereed” or checked for their accuracy. In contrast, websites of official bodies (e.g. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)) tend to be well controlled and can be trusted. ENGR2000 – Fluid Mechanics | Instructions for Laboratory #2 Reports 2 / 5 Faculty of Science and Engineering CRICOS Provider Code 00301J Structure The application report must be ofmaximum length 2 pages and include the following sections: • Header: Provide the following details in the sequence: topic title (14pt), student name (12pt), student ID (12pt) and date performed (12pt). • MainBody of Report: This contains your description or synthesis of the knowledge sourced in a logical form so that the reader can easily assimilate the findings of the investigation. If you wish, you may include subsections to make the presentation clearer. • Conclusion: A very short, e.g. two- or three-sentence, conclusion that re-states the most important findings of your investigation. • References: List the sources of information that contributed to your report. Where possible, cite these references in the main body of the report. Information about the source/reference should be sufficient for the reader to be able to access the source independently (e.g. to obtain further, or more detailed information). The referencing style for this unit is Chicago. More information can be found on this style from the Library web site: http://libguides.library.curtin.edu.au/referencing. Context for your investigation In the experimental part of Laboratory #2, you learned about friction between the flow and wall of the pipe, and that the level of friction depends upon whether the flow is laminar or turbulent as well as the pipe material. Friction causes energy to be lost (to heat and sound energy usually) and therefore consumes the power being provided by the pump to keep the flow going. Thus, the pumping power required to maintain a pipe flow depends upon the amount of friction that exists over the length of the pipe. For (horizontal) pipe flow, the power requirement is given by the product of the pressure loss (from one end of the pipe to the other that is the head loss after it has been multiplied by the fluid density and acceleration due to gravity) and the volumetric flow rate through the pipe. The head loss (or hydraulic gradient) is dependent upon the value of the friction factor, 5 . For open-channel flows where the fluid surface is exposed to atmosphere, the flow is driven by gravitational effects as opposed to a pump. Therefore, the incline of the channel provides a change – a reduction – in potential energy of the fluid that balances the energy loss due to friction at the channel walls. For flows past ships, aircraft and cars etc. it is the power of the engine that provides the thrust or forward force that overcomes the friction; i.e. the engine provides the energy that is lost to friction. The foregoing ideas will inform your investigation of one of the topics that follow below but you should remember that your investigation should link to friction drag (there are many other types of drag caused by fluid flows). ENGR2000 – Fluid Mechanics | Instructions for Laboratory #2 Reports 3 / 5 http://libguides.library.curtin.edu.au/referencing Faculty of Science and Engineering CRICOS Provider Code 00301J List of Topics 1. Process-plant Systems: (e.g. refineries) These have highly complex interlinked pipe systems. How are pumps and pipe lengths arranged/chosen by the designers of these systems? 2. Water-plants and/or Irrigation Schemes: These feature open-channel flows tomanage themovement of water. Investigate and describe the causes and effects of friction in such channels. 3. Aerodynamic skin-friction drag on aircraft, trains and cars: Investigate and describe the importance of this and factors that determine how much skin- friction drag is experienced and what engineering-design measures can be taken to reduce it. 4. Hydrodynamic skin-friction drag on ships, boats, surf-boards etc.: Investigate and describe the importance and factors that determine how much skin-friction drag is experienced and what engineering-design measures can be taken to reduce it. 5. Blood flow in the human body: Investigate and describe examples of the effects of flow friction in the blood-flow system of the human body and what effects this may have, for example, in terms of healthy function and illness. 6. Fluid Mechanics in sports technology: Reducing drag even if only incrementally, either on the human body or on equipment such as a javelin or bicycle, can make a major difference in competition. Taking up to three examples (or just focusing on one), describe the importance of friction drag and techniques used to reduce it (or increase it, if that produces a benefit) in sports technology. 7. Slurry flows in the resource industries: Your laboratory work entailed the use of water which is a Newtonian fluid (see Chapter 1 of the lecture series). Slurry is a non-Newtonian fluid (because it is a combination of a liquid and solid) and clearly it generates friction when it flows. Investigate and describe friction in slurry flows (pumped through pipes and/or driven by gravity in channels). 8. Biological exploitation of flow friction: At the very small scale (typically where the Reynolds number is very low), fluid friction forces can be large (relative to other forces). Through evolution, Nature has exploited friction, for example in the dispersion of pollen or the swimming of micro-organisms. Investigate and describe examples of where Nature has adapted to and benefited from the effect of flow friction. 9. Animal locomotion: It is advantageous (in terms of natural selection) for animals to experience low skin-fiction drag when they swim or fly because, for the same energy expenditure, they can move faster or keep moving for longer. Using examples, investigate and describe the ways that animals have evolved so that their friction drag has become lower. ENGR2000 – Fluid Mechanics | Instructions for Laboratory #2 Reports 4 / 5 Faculty of Science and Engineering CRICOS Provider Code 00301J Formatting You must follow the following formatting guidelines when preparing both reports: • Paper size must be A4 • Margins must be of 2 cm at top, bottom, left and right • The font size must be 11 but the references can be in 10 point • The font type can be Times New Roman, Arial or equivalent • Single line spacing • A blank line must be inserted between paragraphs • Tables, graphs and diagrams must be numbered and labelled with suitable caption • At its completion, convert your document into a pdf file for submission Submission You must submit through Turnitin (submission links available on the Laboratory #2 page on BlackBoard) two separate PDF files: • your laboratory technical report, including your completed laboratory worksheet; and • your application report. Due date and time for both electronic submissions: 15th May 2020 – 4pm (AWST) Please make sure to leave plenty of time to submit your assignment through Turnitin before the due date and time. Allow time for any unexpected technical issues. ENGR2000 – Fluid Mechanics | Instructions for Laboratory #2 Reports 5 / 5 Faculty of Science and Engineering CRICOS Provider Code 00301J ENGR2000 – Fluid Mechanics Instructions for Laboratory #2 Reports Technical Report Overview In your individual technical report, you should describe the experimental work conducted in Laboratory #2, and present and discuss the results, ensuring that you address the