Automatic teller machines (ATMs) are an interesting case study in security. Anderson [14] claims that when ATMs were first developed, most attention was paid to high-tech attacks. However, most...

Automatic teller machines (ATMs) are an interesting case study in security. Anderson [14] claims that when ATMs were first developed, most attention was paid to high-tech attacks. However, most real-world attacks on ATMs have been decidedly low tech.

a. Examples of high-tech attacks on ATMs would be breaking the encryption or authentication protocol. If possible, find a real-world case where a high-tech attack on an ATM has actually occurred and provide the details.

b. Shoulder surfing is an example of a low-tech attack. In this scenario, Trudy stands behind Alice in line and watches the numbers Alice presses when entering her PIN. Then Trudy bonks Alice in the head and takes her ATM card. Give another example of a low-tech attack on an ATM that has actually occurred.