Attached is my report, and the PDF of my teachers remarks. I need help with the intext citations and lengthening my paper by half a page
Fallon Nicole Fox Dr. Bethany Arnold ENG111 26 Feb 2022 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Try imagining waking up in the middle of the night panicked, your heart is pounding, and your mind is racing with sweat streaming down your whole body, as you try to recollect yourself after re-living one of the most traumatic experiences of your life. That is PTSD in a nutshell for most. For some people, this is a daily event that constantly happens even in public. It is not something that can be easily controlled but with the best of medicine or therapy there is hope. According to a source, “PTSD or ‘post-traumatic stress disorder” has become more prominent since its first appearance in the 80s in the DSM-111 published by the American Psychiatric Association” (Crocq and Crocq). Most of the time people usually think of a war veteran when they think of post-traumatic stress disorder however that is not the case. There have been several studies that have shown that people can have PTSD by everyday things like being involved in a car crash, seeing other people hurt or killed, doing a job where you repeatedly see or hear distressing things, such as working in the medical field, or any event in which you fear for your life. To diagnose PTSD involves a therapist or PCP performing an exam and a psychological evaluation. The most common symptoms include recurring flashbacks/memories, dissociation, feelings of anxiety and depression, trouble sleeping, and night terrors. Physical signs of PTSD vary from person to person from fast heartbeat, fatigue, muscle tension, nausea, joint pain, Bethany Arnold 130960000000015475 Remove space after paragraph Bethany Arnold 130960000000015475 Avoid second person outside of anecdotes headaches, and back pain. This is why it can be difficult to diagnose PTSD because it does mimic the same symptoms as anxiety depression and other diseases. “Long-term exposure to PTSD can cause long-term deadly diseases including arthritis, chronic pain, diabetes, heart disease, stroke substance use disorders, and high blood pressure.” (GoodRx) It is not clear why trauma causes physical ailments, but we do know your body reacts physically to danger. This physical reaction is sometimes called a ‘fight-flight or freeze’. When you’re in fight-flight or freeze’ mode, the body releases chemicals and hormones that respond to dangerous situations, These reactions can cause: trouble thinking clearly, Sweaty palms, increased heart rate, breathing, increased blood pressure, and muscle tension. The brains of people with PTSD process things differently because of the imbalance of chemicals. They have an easily triggered "fight or flight" response, which can make you uneasy. Medications help you slow your thinking processes and how a person react. Several types of drugs can affect your brain chemistry. Doctors usually start with medications that affect neurotransmitters, including: Venlafaxine, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Sertraline. Currently, the FDA has approved only paroxetine and sertraline for treating PTSD. Because people respond differently, a doctor may combine other medicines like monoamine oxidase inhibitors, antidepressants, Antipsychotics, Benzodiazepines separately or with other therapies. PTSD therapy and treatment have three main goals: to improve your symptoms, teach you skills to cope with PTSD and restoring normalcy. Most PTSD therapies are considered cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The idea is to change the patterns that are disturbing your everyday life. This might happen through talking about your trauma. Bethany Arnold 130960000000015475 Expand paragraphs Bethany Arnold 130960000000015475 Put the period after the citation Bethany Arnold 130960000000015475 Cite this information Bethany Arnold 130960000000015475 Avoid contractions and second person Bethany Arnold 130960000000015475 Cite this information Bethany Arnold 130960000000015475 I didn't see this on the WC page Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) is based on the premise of trauma, that you weren’t able to process. In trying to understand what happened and how it affected you, you might later come to conclusions that are not healthy. CPT helps to identify incorrect assumptions and restructure thoughts in healthier ways. This kind of therapy usually lasts around 12 sessions, during which you and your therapist work together to process what happened through talking, writing, or drawing about the trauma. Prolonged exposure therapy addresses the tendency to have irrational thinking patterns after a traumatic event. For example, as a result of trauma, you may have developed a response that’s out of proportion to normal ways of thinking. To change how you might respond, prolonged exposure therapy begins with some education about PTSD symptoms. A therapist is trained to guide a person to learn skills to calm down and cope when facing something triggering. Once learning self-calming techniques, the patient and therapist will create a list of fears. This is probably the longest type of treatment because it takes several months of treatment, with you and a therapist working together to help you face your fears, allowing you to practice new coping skills. Long-term effects of many PTSD patients are neurological. For that reason, treatments that focus on the brain or nervous system have been found particularly effective at restoring functionality and reducing symptoms. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapy that uses repetitive eye movements to interrupt some of the trauma-related memories you have. Bethany Arnold 130960000000015475 Cite Bethany Arnold 130960000000015475 Avoid contractions and second person Bethany Arnold 130960000000015475 Cite Bethany Arnold 130960000000015475 Cite Bethany Arnold 130960000000015475 Cite Tapping is called the clinical emotional freedom technique (EFT). It’s similar to acupuncture, but without needles it is a massage treatment that uses physical pressure on certain sensitive points of the skin to relieve pain and anxiety. In 4 to 10 sessions, a trained therapist can teach you how to tap certain rhythms on your head, face, and hands while you actively remember your memories of a traumatic event. Tapping is often used along with cognitive and exposure therapies. EFT therapies can also decrease the amount of cortisol in the body. The way PTSD is treated now compared to years ago has definitely improved with time. PTSD can intensify feelings of guilt, shame and anger. PTSD can affect anyone regardless of age, race, creed or occupation. The biggest thing we can learn is that there is hope. There are plenty of resources, like therapies, medication, and breathing out there that can help with this disease. Works Cited Bethany Arnold 130960000000015475 Cite “All about PTSD: Mental and Physical Effects Symptoms.” GoodRx, GoodRx, https://www.goodrx.com/conditions/ptsd/physical-effects-of-ptsd. Crocq, L, and M. A. Crocq. “From Shell Shock and War Neurosis to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A History of Psychotraumatology.” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, Les Laboratoires Servier, Mar. 2000, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181586/. Accessed 8 Feb. 2022 “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 6 July 2018, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355973. Accessed 8 Feb. 2022 National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. PTSD Research Quarterly. The Center, 1990. Accessed 8 Feb. 2022 Contractor, Ateka A., et al. “Positive Internal Experiences in PTSD Interventions: A Critical Review.” Trauma, Violence & Abuse, vol. 23, no. 1, Jan. 2022, pp. 101–16. EBSCOhost, doi-org.ezmecc.vccs.edu/10.1177/1524838020925784. Pomerantz, Andrew S. “Treating PTSD in Primary Care: One Small Step Is One Giant Leap.” Families Systems & Health, vol. 35, no. 4, Educational Publishing Foundation, 2017, pp. 505–07, https://doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000318. Hazelden Publishing Educational Services, production company. A Guide for Living with PTSD. Hazelden, 2009. Fallon Nicole Fox Dr. Bethany Arnold ENG111 26 Feb 2022 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Try imagining waking up in the middle of the night panicked, your heart is pounding, and your mind is racing with sweat streaming down your whole body, as you try to recollect yourself after re-living one of the most traumatic experiences of your life. That is PTSD in a nutshell for most. For some people, this is a daily event that constantly happens even in public. It is not something that can be easily controlled but with the best of medicine or therapy there is hope. According to a source, “PTSD or ‘post-traumatic stress disorder” has become more prominent since its first appearance in the 80s in the DSM-111 published by the American Psychiatric Association” (Crocq and Crocq). Most of the time people usually think of a war veteran when they think of post-traumatic stress disorder however that is not the case. There have been several studies that have shown that people can have PTSD by everyday things like being involved in a car crash, seeing other people hurt or killed, doing a job where you repeatedly see or hear distressing things, such as working in the medical field, or any event in which you fear for your life. To diagnose PTSD involves a therapist or PCP performing an exam and a psychological evaluation. The most common symptoms include recurring flashbacks/memories, dissociation, feelings of anxiety and depression, trouble sleeping, and night terrors. Physical signs of PTSD vary from person to person from fast heartbeat, fatigue, muscle tension, nausea, joint pain, headaches, and back pain. This is why it can be difficult to diagnose PTSD because it does mimic the same symptoms as anxiety depression and other diseases. “Long-term exposure to PTSD can cause long-term deadly diseases including arthritis, chronic pain, diabetes, heart disease, stroke substance use disorders, and high blood pressure.” (GoodRx) It is not clear why trauma causes physical ailments, but we do know your body reacts physically to danger. This physical reaction is sometimes called a ‘fight-flight or freeze’. When you’re in fight-flight or freeze’ mode, the body releases chemicals and hormones that respond to dangerous situations, These reactions can cause: trouble thinking clearly, Sweaty palms, increased heart rate, breathing, increased blood pressure, and muscle tension. The brains of people with PTSD process things differently because of the imbalance of chemicals. They have an easily triggered "fight or flight" response, which can make you uneasy. Medications help you slow your thinking processes and how a person react. Several types of drugs can affect your brain chemistry. Doctors usually start with medications that affect neurotransmitters, including: Venlafaxine, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Sertraline. Currently, the FDA has approved only paroxetine and sertraline for treating PTSD. Because people respond differently, a doctor may combine other medicines like monoamine oxidase inhibitors, antidepressants