attached are 2 diffent assignment that need to be completed. i also attached the textbooks
Discussion Forum Posting Guidelines Your discussion forum postings should be at least 300 words. You are to respond to two of your peers’ postings in a thoughtful way adding new information and value to your response. Writing a Successful Discussion Post: 1. Read the discussion prompt carefully. Pay special attention to: • Purpose: What question or required reading are you being asked to respond to? • Response type: You may reflect on personal experience, determine a solution to a problem, compare two ideas, or make an argument 2. Prepare adequately. • Before beginning your post, make sure you have read all of the required readings with a critical eye. • Access your instructor's feedback on previous assignments. Based on that feedback, how do you want to improve in this next post? • After reading, spend some time jotting down your reactions, ideas, and responses to the reading. • Determine one-two of your strongest ideas, which you will structure your response around, by assessing the amount of evidence you have to support a particular assertion, response, or claim. 3. Construct a draft. • Use your evidence to build your response and persuade your readers by supporting your claim with course readings or outside sources. • Make sure that each piece of evidence keeps your post focused, relevant, clear, and scholarly in tone. • Make sure you have adequately cited all information or ideas from outside sources in your post. 4. Review and revise. After writing your post, review your ideas by asking yourself: • Is my main idea clear and relevant to the topic of discussion? • Does my response demonstrate evidence that I have read and thought critically about required readings? • Have I proposed a unique perspective that can be challenged by my classmates? • Do I support my claim with required readings or other credible outside sources? • Have I used a scholarly tone, avoiding jargon or language that is overly conversational? • Have I proofread my response for grammar, style, and structure? 5. Submit. • Copy and paste the final version of your draft into the discussion forum. • Do a quick check to make sure no formatting mishaps occurred while uploading. • Wait patiently for responses from your classmates. Writing a Successful Response to Another's Post: Please note that as part of your final grade you will be required to respond to another’s post within the week that the discussion forum has been posted. You will have 2 days from Sunday when the assignment is due, to respond to your peers forum posting. • Read postings by your classmates with an open mind; think critically about which posts are the most provocative to you. • When responding, use the student's name and describe the point so that your whole class can follow along. Example: Jessica, you make an interesting point about technology increasing without training increasing. • Whether you are asserting agreement or disagreement, provide clear and credible evidence to support your response. • Avoid using unsupported personal opinions, generalizations, or language that others might find offensive. • When in disagreement, keep responses respectful and academic in tone. • Ask open-ended questions, rather than questions that can be answered with yes or no. Those types of answers end the conversation, rather than pushing it forward. Writing a Successful Discussion Post: 1. Read the discussion prompt carefully. 2. Prepare adequately. 3. Construct a draft. 4. Review and revise. 5. Submit. Writing a Successful Response to Another's Post: Please note that as part of your final grade you will be required to respond to another’s post within the week that the discussion forum has been posted. You will have 2 days from Sunday when the assignment is due, to respond to your peers forum post... Paper Number 2 Final Research Project Ideas All papers should be minimum 8 pages long, font size Arial 11, double spaced with appropriate referencing as per APA. That doesn’t include the title or Reference page. 1. Identify a country in which you plan to work or do business in the future. Construct a report describing business customs and practices in that country. Your task is to prepare a businessperson to act appropriately in one or more business situations (e.g., an office meeting, a project proposal, a negotiation, a dinner meeting, and an interview). Be sure to take into account both the cultural practices of this country and the cultural practices of the person for whom you are writing the report (you may be attempting to train a Latin American to do business in China, for example, so you would want to account for typical Latin American business practices when describing how the Latin American should conduct him/herself in China). BTTM4860: Global CitizenshipBTech Course Code: BTTM4860 Course Description: Global Citizenship Term Research Paper Word count: Your paper will be 1500-1750 words. That doesn’t include the title or Reference page. APA: Follow APA 7th edition in your title page, Reference page, and in-text citations. Assignment: · Write a research paper informing a general audience (ie. writing in general, accessible language) about the narrowed-down topic and how you see it as connected to course themes/material. · The essay should include an introduction paragraph, body paragraphs, and a conclusion paragraph. · In the introduction, you should make it clear what narrowed-down topic you’re focused on and why in your opinion it relates to course themes/ material. · Use research to help explain your stance and inform the reader. Topis The idea of voluntourism as the negative impact Some sources https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/08/09/749005287/american-with-no-medical-training-ran-center-for-malnourished-ugandan-kids-105-d https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/13/beware-voluntourists-doing-good https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/25/in-defence-of-voluntourism1 The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions - PDFDrive.com Contents AbouttheBook AbouttheAuthor TitlePage Dedication PREFACE Beginnings PartOne TheDivide ONE TheDevelopmentDelusion TWO TheEndofPoverty…HasBeenPostponed PartTwo ConcerningViolence THREE WhereDidPovertyComeFrom?ACreationStory FOUR FromColonialismtotheCoup PartThreeTheNewColonialism FIVE DebtandtheEconomicsofPlannedMisery SIX FreeTradeandtheRiseoftheVirtualSenate SEVEN Plunderinthe21stCentury PartFour ClosingtheDivide EIGHT FromCharitytoJustice NINE TheNecessaryMadnessofImagination Endnotes Acknowledgements Copyright AbouttheBook For decades we have been told a story about the divide between rich countriesandpoorcountries. We have been told that development is working: that the global South is catchingup to theNorth, thatpovertyhasbeencut inhalfover thepast thirty years, and will be eradicated by 2030. It’s a comforting tale, and one that is endorsedbytheworld’smostpowerfulgovernmentsandcorporations.Butisit true? Since1960,theincomegapbetweentheNorthandSouthhasroughlytripledin size.Today4.3billionpeople,60percentoftheworld’spopulation,liveonless than $5 per day. Some 1 billion live on less than $1 a day. The richest eight peoplenowcontrolthesameamountofwealthasthepooresthalfoftheworld combined. What is causing this growing divide? We are told that poverty is a natural phenomenon thatcanbefixedwithaid.But inreality it isapoliticalproblem: povertydoesn’tjustexist,ithasbeencreated. Poor countries are poor because they are integrated into the global economic system on unequal terms.Aid onlyworks to hide the deep patterns ofwealth extractionthatcausepovertyandinequalityinthefirstplace:riggedtradedeals, taxevasion,landgrabsandthecostsassociatedwithclimatechange.TheDivide tracks the evolution of this system, from the expeditions of Christopher Columbus in the 1490s to the international debt regime,which has allowed a handfulof richcountries toeffectivelycontroleconomicpolicies in the restof theworld. Becausepovertyisapoliticalproblem,itrequirespoliticalsolutions.TheDivide offers a range of revelatory answers, but also explains that something much more radical is needed – a revolution in our way of thinking. Drawing on pioneering research, detailed analysis and years of first-hand experience, The Divideisaprovocative,urgentandultimatelyupliftingaccountofhowtheworld works,andhowitcanchange. AbouttheAuthor JasonHickelisananthropologistattheLondonSchoolofEconomics.Originally from Swaziland, he spent a number of years living with migrant workers in South Africa, studying patterns of exploitation and political resistance in the wake of apartheid. Alongside his ethnographic work, he writes about development,inequality,andglobalpoliticaleconomy,contributingregularlyto theGuardian,AlJazeeraandotheronlineoutlets.Hisworkhasbeenfundedby Fulbright-Hays Program, the National Science Foundation, the Wenner-Gren Foundation,theCharlotteNewcombeFoundationandtheLeverhulmeTrust.He livesinLondon. THEDIVIDE ABriefGuidetoGlobalInequalityanditsSolutions JasonHickel forthewretchedoftheearth Preface Beginnings IgrewupinSwaziland–atiny,landlockedcountryneartheeasternseaboardof southernAfrica. Itwasahappychildhood, inmanyways.Asa littleboyIran aroundbarefootthroughsandygrasslandwithmyfriends,unhinderedbyfences orwalls.Whenthemonsoonrainshitwewouldsailtinybarkboatsthroughthe dongas,welcomingthewet.Weclimbedtreesandpluckedmangoesandlychees and guavas to snack on whenever we grew hungry. During lazy afternoons I wouldsometimeswanderupthehillfromourlittlebungalowalongthedirttrack towardstheclinicwheremyparentsworkedasdoctors.Istillrememberthecool ofthepolishedconcretefloorsandthebreezyshadeofthecourtyard.Butmost of all I remember the queue – the queue of patientswinding out of the door, some sittingonwoodenbenches,othersongrassmats,waiting tobe seen.To me,itseemedthatthequeueneverended. AsIgrewolder,IbegantolearnaboutthingslikeTBandmalaria,typhoidand bilharzia, malnutrition and kwashiorkor – scary words that were nonetheless familiar and well worn among our family. Later still I learned that we were livinginthemiddleoftheworstepidemicofHIV/AIDSanywhereintheworld. I learned thatpeoplewere sufferinganddyingofdiseases thatcouldeasilybe cured, prevented or managed in richer countries – a fact that to me seemed unspeakably horrible.And I learned about poverty.Many ofmy friends came from families that scraped together meagre livelihoods on subsistence farms subjecttotheconstantcapriceofdrought,orwhostruggledtofindworkwhile livinginmakeshiftsheltersintheslumsoutsideManzini, thecountry’sbiggest city. Theywerenotalone.Today,some4.3billionpeople–morethan60percentof theworld’spopulation–liveindebilitatingpoverty,strugglingtosurviveonless thantheequivalentof$5perday.Halfdonothaveaccesstoenoughfood.And these numbers have been growing steadily over the past few decades. Meanwhile,thewealthoftheveryrichestispilinguptolevelsunprecedentedin humanhistory.AsIwritethis,ithasjustbeenannouncedthattheeightrichest menintheworldhaveasmuchwealthbetweenthemasthepooresthalfofthe world’spopulationcombined. Wecantraceouttheshapeofglobalinequalitybylookingatthedistributionof incomeandwealthamongindividuals,asmostanalystshavedone.Butwecan getanevenclearerpicturebylookingatthedividebetweendifferentregionsof theworld. In 2000,Americans enjoyed an average income roughlynine times higher than their counterparts in LatinAmerica, twenty-one times higher than people in theMiddle East andNorth Africa, fifty-two times higher than sub- SaharanAfricansandnolessthanseventy-threetimeshigherthanSouthAsians. Andhere, too, thenumbershavebeengettingworse: thegapbetween the real percapitaincomesoftheglobalNorthandtheglobalSouthhasroughlytripled insizesince1960. * Itiseasytoassumethatthedividebetweenrichcountriesandpoorcountrieshas alwaysexisted;thatitisanaturalfeatureoftheworld.Indeed,themetaphorof the divide itselfmay lead us unwittingly to assume that there is a chasm – a fundamental discontinuity – between the richworld and the poorworld, as if theywereeconomicislandsdisconnectedfromoneanother.Ifyoustartfromthis notion, as many scholars have done, explaining the economic differences betweenthetwoissimplyamatteroflookingatinternalcharacteristics. This notion sits at the centre of the usual story that we are told about global inequality. Development agencies, NGOs and the world’s most powerful governments explain that theplight of poor countries is a technical problem– onethatcanbesolvedbyadoptingtherightinstitutionsandtherighteconomic policies, by working hard and accepting a bit of help. If only poor countries would follow the advice of experts from agencies like theWorld Bank, they wouldgraduallyleavepovertybehind,closingthedividebetweenthepoorand therich.Itisafamiliarstory,andacomfortingone.Itisonethatwehaveall,at one time or another, believed and supported. It maintains an industry worth billionsof dollars and an armyofNGOs, charities and foundations seeking to endpovertythroughaidandcharity. Butthestoryiswrong.Theideaofanaturaldividemisleadsusfromthestart.In the year 1500, there was no appreciable difference in incomes and living standards between Europe and the rest of the world. Indeed, we know that peopleinsomeregionsoftheglobalSouthwereagooddealbetteroffthantheir counterparts in Europe. And yet their fortunes changed dramatically over the interveningcenturies–notinspiteofoneanotherbutbecauseofoneanother– as Western powers roped the rest of the world into a single international economicsystem. Whenweapproachitthisway,thequestionbecomeslessaboutthetraitsofrich countriesandpoorcountries–althoughthatis,ofcourse,partofit–andmore abouttherelationshipbetweenthem.Thedividebetweenrichcountriesandpoor countriesisn’tnaturalorinevitable.Ithasbeencreated.Whatcouldhavecaused onepartoftheworldtoriseandtheothertofall?Howhasthepatternofgrowth anddeclinebeenmaintainedformorethan500years?Whyisinequalitygetting worse?Andwhydowenotknowaboutit? * FromtimetotimeIstill thinkbacktothatqueueoutsidemyparents’clinic.It remainsasvividinmymindasifitwereyesterday.WhenIdo,Iamreminded that the story of global inequality is not amatter of numbers and figures and historicalevents.Itisaboutreallives,realpeople.Itisabouttheaspirationsof communities and nations and social movements over generations, even centuries. It is about the belief, shaken with doubt from time to time but otherwisefirm,thatanotherworldispossible. At one of themost frightening times in our history, with inequality at record extremes, demagogues rising and our planet’s climate beginning to wreak revengeon industrialcivilisation,wearemore inneedofhope thanever. It is onlybyunderstandingwhytheworldisthewayitis–byexaminingrootcauses –thatwewillbeabletoarriveatreal,effectivesolutionsandimagineourway intothefuture.Whatiscertainisthatifwearegoingtosolvethegreatproblems of global poverty and inequality, of famine and environmental collapse, the worldoftomorrowwillhavetolookverydifferentfromtheworldoftoday. Thearcofhistorybendstowardsjustice,MartinLutherKingJroncesaid.Butit won’tbendonitsown. PARTONE TheDivide One TheDevelopmentDelusion Itbeganasapublic-relationsgimmick.HarryTrumanhadjustbeenelectedtoa secondtermaspresidentoftheUnitedStatesandwassettotakethestageforhis inauguraladdresson20January1949.Hisspeechwriterswereinafrenzy.They needed towhipup somethingcompelling for thepresident to say– something boldandexcitingtoannounce.Theyhadthreeideasonthelist:backingforthe newUnitedNations,resistancetotheSovietthreatandcontinuedcommitmentto theMarshallPlan.Butnonewerevery inspiring. In fact, theyweredownright boringandthemediawasboundtoignorethespeechasyesterday’snews.They neededsomething thatwould tap into thezeitgeist–something thatwouldstir thesoulofthenation. Theiranswercamefromanunlikelysource.BenjaminHardywasayoung,mid- level functionary in the State Department, but as a former reporter for the AtlantaJournalhehadaknackforagoodheadline.Whenhestumbledacrossa memo requesting fresh ideas for the inaugural address,hedecided topitchhis boss awild thought: ‘Development’.Whynot haveTrumanannounce that his administrationwould give aid to ThirdWorld countries to help them develop and put an end to the scourge of grinding poverty?Hardy saw this as a sure victory–aneasyway,hewroteinhispitch,‘tomakethegreatestpsychological impact’onAmericaand‘torideanddirect theuniversalgroundswellofdesire forabetterworld’. Hardy’sbossesshuthimdown.Itwasarisky,out-of-the-blueidea,possiblytoo newtomakemuchsensetopeople;itwasn’tworthexperimentingwithitinsuch animportantsetting.ButHardywasdeterminednottolettheopportunitypass. HemanagedtofakehiswayintotheWhiteHouse,gavearousingdefenceofthe idea to Truman’s advisers and – with a little bit of careful manoeuvring by supportersontheinside–hisplanendedupasanafterthought,‘PointFour’,in Truman’sdraft.Trumanapprovedit. Itwasthefirstinauguraladdressevertobebroadcastontelevision.Tenmillion viewers tuned in on that cold January afternoon, making it the largest single event everwitnessed up to that time.More peoplewatchedTruman’s address thanwatched the inaugural addressesofallhispredecessorsput together.And theylovedwhathehadtosay.‘Morethanhalfthepeopleoftheworldareliving in conditions approaching misery,’ he proclaimed. ‘Their food is inadequate. Theyarevictimsofdisease.Theireconomiclifeisprimitiveandstagnant.’But therewas hope, he said: ‘For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledgeandskilltorelievethesufferingofthesepeople.TheUnitedStatesis pre-eminent among nations in the development of industrial and scientific techniques…ourimponderableresourcesintechnicalknowledgeareconstantly growingandare inexhaustible.’And then theclincher: ‘Wemustembarkona bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrialprogressavailablefortheimprovementandgrowthofunderdeveloped areas…Itmustbeaworldwideeffortfortheachievementofpeace,plenty,and freedom.’ Ofcourse,therewerenoactualplansforsuchaprogramme–notevenasingle document.ItwasincludedinthespeechpurelyasaPRgimmick.Anditworked. Themediawentcrazy–papersfromtheWashingtonPosttotheNewYorkTimes glowedwithapproval.1EveryonewasexcitedaboutPointFour,andtherestof thespeechwasforgotten. * WhydidPointFour so capture the public imagination?BecauseTrumangave Americans a new and powerfulway to think about the emerging international order.ThedustwassettlingaftertheSecondWorldWar,Europeanimperialism was collapsing and the world was beginning to take shape as a collection of equaland independentnations.Theonlyproblemwas that inreality theywere notequalatall:therewerevastdifferencesbetweenthemintermsofpowerand wealth,withthecountriesoftheglobalNorthenjoyingaveryhighqualityoflife whiletheglobalSouth–themajorityoftheworld’spopulation–wasmiredin debilitating poverty. As Americans peered beyond their borders and began to noticethebrutalfactofglobalinequality,theyneededawaytomakesenseofit. Point Four offered them a compelling narrative. The rich countries of Europe andNorthAmericawere‘developed’.TheywereaheadontheGreatArrowof Progress.Theyweredoingbetterbecausetheywerebetter–theyweresmarter, moreinnovativeandharderworking.Theyhadbettervalues,betterinstitutions andbettertechnology.Bycontrast,thecountriesoftheglobalSouthwerepoor becausetheyhadn’tyetfiguredouttherightvaluesandpoliciesyet.Theywere stillbehind,‘underdeveloped’andstrugglingtocatchup. This storywasdeeply affirming forAmericans; itmade them feel good about themselves, proud of their achievements and their place in the world. But perhapsmore importantly, itgavethemawaytofeelnoble too– itgave them accesstoahigher,almostcosmologicalpurpose.Thedevelopedcountrieswould standasbeaconsofhope,assaviourstothepoor.Theywouldreachoutandgive generouslyof their riches tohelp the ‘primitive’countriesof theSouth follow theirpathtosuccess.Theywouldbecomeheroes,leadingthewaytoaworldof unprecedentedpeaceandprosperity. In other words, Point Four explained the existence of global inequality and offeredasolutiontoitinonesatisfyingstroke.Andforthisreasonitwasn’tlong before it was picked up by the governments of Western Europe as well. As Britain and France were withdrawing from their colonies, they needed a new wayofexplainingthegrossinequalitythatpersistedbetweenthemselvesandthe peopletheyhadruledforsolong.Thestoryofdevelopment–thatthenationsof theworldweresimplyatdifferentpositionsalongtheGreatArrowofProgress– offered a convenient alibi. It allowed them to disavow responsibility for the miseryofthecolonies,anditwasmorepalatablethantheexplicitracialtheories theyhadreliedoninthepast.Whatismore,itallowedthemtoshifttheirrolein theeyesoftheworld:graciouslyrelinquishingimperialpower,theywouldturn toaidingtheirfellowman. ItwasanincrediblybeguilingtaletoWesternears.Itwasn’tjustanotherstory– it had all the elements of an epicmyth. It provided a keystone aroundwhich people could organise their ideas about the world, about human progress and aboutourfuture. Thestoryofdevelopmentremainsacompellingforceinoursocietytothisday