Business research
assignment on Racism and Crime "Racism and Crime" "Racism and Crime" ( assignment on Racism and Crime Trimester 1 2018 Sabina Uprety Sharma Student ID: GUE2550 HOLMES INSTITUTE ) Higher-Education Faculty Assignment Cover Sheet Subject Business Research Subject Code & Group ______HI6008_________ Group1 Group 2 Ggroup 3 Group 4 Lecturer Ross Brennan Assignment Title Racism and Crime Due Date 27/04/2018 Submission Date 26/04/2018 Contact Details Student Name Sabina Uprety Sharma Telephone No 0423542558 Student Email:
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[email protected] Website: www.holmes.edu.au Contents "Racism and Crime"1 1.Introduction3 2.Project Objective4 3. Project Scope4 4.Literature Review4 5.Conclusion11 6. Reference List13 7. Appendix15 1. Introduction The relationship amid crime and race in the U.S has been the subject of public debate and academic discussion for more than century. The Blacks (African Americans) have more than three times the incarceration rate than their portrayal in a general population. Studies have shown that the high proportion of minority groups in a criminal justice structure is because of to crime rates, socio-economic factors and disproportionate racial discrimination in a criminal justice structure. In the USA, the data related to crime comes from 3 main sources: law implementation agency crime statements, which are composed once-a-month by the FBI and administered yearly as Unified Crime Reports also known as UCR; and Bureau of Statistics composes victimization surveys every six months and are filed per annum. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) deals with; and self-reporting investigations [needs further explanation] The Unified Crime Report is the main resource of data for official statistics on serious crimes for example killings and homicides, supplemented by information provided by NCVS, Report research reports, the latter as the finest indicator of the actual crime rate of minor crimes such as petty theft and illicit drug abuse. These criminal data collection plans provide criminologists and sociologists with most of the statistical information that analyzes crime and its connection to race. Another type of data is which concerning prison population. 2. Project Objective This project aims to achieve the following goals: 1) Understand how racism increases crime 2) Establish the role of racism in crime. 3) What challenges do individuals face because of the racism? 3. Project Scope The project will explicate that the African-American criminal theory must be originated from the life experiences of black people in a stratified, stratified society. Also, the present and past African-American life experiences have shaped a common world outlook, unlike the worldviews that tell white people or other ethnic minorities. 3. Literature Review Peterson (Peterson, 2012) describes institutionalized racism as a joint failure of organizations to provide professional and appropriate services for colour, culture, or ethnic origin. The considered institutionalized racism expected to be in the process, attitude, and behavior of racial discrimination in specific ethnic groups. Peterson’s conceptualization of institutionalized discrimination was based upon his improper investigation of a murder of Stephen Lawrence, a black boy and died in ethnically motivated attacks on 5 white boys. When he and a friend waited for the bus in the United States and later bled to death, Stephen Lawrence was stabbed by the boys. Although a small number of suspects testified to police after the incident, it was discovered that inactive efforts were made by the cops to run after the accused and arrest them (Peterson, 2012). Therefore, Peterson investigated the conceivable explanations of this unprofessional act, and he found that police, the prosecutor's office and the court had the prejudice in the handling of the case, as they had done little to trace the evidence, in addition, prosecute the perpetrators. Therefore, the results of this investigation informed McPherson’s verdict that police, prosecutors, and courts institutionalized racism against ethnic and blacks minorities (Peterson, 2012). Also, (Dixon & Williams, 2014), and other authors also believe that there are structures of sexual racism criminal justice system. Some suggested features include police lop-sided cessation plus hunt duties for ethnic and black subgroup, over-representation of ethnic and blacks subgroups in a prison population, also, insufficient performance of black and ethnic minority workers in the police department, prosecutors and courts. The institutional racism is described by the systemic bias, that is most obvious in discrepancy treatment that numerous ethnic groups take inside a system (Banton, 2013). Also, the contemporary British study of institutionalized racism explores the manners in which identity and race influence practices of diverse ethnic subgroups due to the discrimination they bear in culture (Banton, 2013). (Banton, 2013) believes in a way through which the ethnic subgroups are influenced by their status is through prejudice practices with a criminal justice structure. In the same way, other writers such as (Dyer, 2016), (Perelman, 2017), and (Walsh & Yun, 2011) believe in the presence of indirect and direct forms of the discrimination in an offence justice system that mark ethnic minority practices and show them systems Racism. Police stations in Wales and the United States employ a series of procedures designed to monitor the population to limit an eruption of misconduct and ensure order and law. One common way of monitoring the populace is through utilization of stop as well as search programs so that they can screen individuals for whom they suspect unusual intentions. Uneven usage of search and cessation: The uneven aiming of ethnic and black’s subgroups in the cessation and search of daily operations is the institutional racism in the offender justice system in Wales and the United States. If necessary, the U.S. and Welsh police stations have the right to discontinue searching personnel before the arrest. Some common search and stop controls that it performs includes Section 60 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act of 1984 (PACE) and the 1994 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA). The first part of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act is most frequently utilized controls. It allows police to pause and conduct a vehicle search and people to look for the prohibited or stolen substances which can be utilized for the violent purposes. Also, this power can only be exercised when police have sufficient grounds to assume that a person may possess these damaging substances. In contrast, the Section 60 of a “Criminal Justice and Public Order Act” authorizes the police department to stop as well as search persons or vehicles in search of dangerous tools and offensive weapons that may be utilized for the harm without rational suspicion. This ability can be used to anticipate situations where the police have committed violent acts in a specific area. Under this legislation, police can stop searching drivers, vehicles and passengers who may possess terrorist weapons (BELKNAP, 2015). Also, it has been said that the practice of these stop plus search powers allows discretion to promote discrimination against ethnic and black minorities. For instance, Section I of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act plus Section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act are both considered disproportionately used by ethnic and black minorities (BELKNAP, 2015). Beklnap believes that it is easier for police to stop searching blacks plus other ethnic subgroups because these minorities are considered very dangerous given their criminal stereotypes. For example, blacks are considered easy to use drugs and violence, while Asians are considered dangerous, belligerent, and terrorists. (Copson, 2015) further explored this stereotyped prejudice against ethnic and black minorities. They investigated the process which led to black humiliation in the late 20th century. In his contention, he believes that media and countries exaggerating black crimes have led to increasing in black security and negative stereotypes they believe to be. Likewise, Perelma believes that police use their judgment rather than evidence in determining which ethnic minors stop plus search. This kind of unprofessionalism shows that the conduct of police power is biased regarding ethnic minorities. In contrast, there is evidence that the overuse of cessation and searches of ethnic and black minorities is not entirely attributable to the institutional racism. For instance, Perelma states that due to modern modifications to modern policing techniques, the utilization of the zero tolerance for policing has increased, which involves all personal circumstances that are considered to be a crime threat. Because such modern policemen are now much inclined to target people living in neglected communities accustomed to above-average offence rates. For example, people who are found to be wandering in the high-crime zones at a time of dubiousness during the daytime are more possible to be identified as suspects and are therefore stopped and investigated by the police. Similarly, these individuals are also much possible to be the ethnic or black minorities, because censorship statistics for different police departments in the United States show that blacks incline to be focused in areas where the crime rate is above average (Walsh & Yun, 2011). Similarly, (Perelman, 2017) states that geographical spreading of black Americans plus ethnic minorities affects their police experience as they are much likely to reside in police-targeted inner cities to observe criminal activity. As a result, these ethnic and black minorities accounted for a large proportion of suspects who stayed and searched in these unsafe neighbourhoods during the police patrols. Furthermore, most racist complaints about cessation and search are unconfirmed and do not reveal the police’s intentions. For example, (Perelman, 2017) states that people's interpretation of police racism is subjective and may be prejudicial, because although the victim may think that the stop plus search experience is insensitive and racist. Therefore, this subjectivity of the racist concept means that it has multiple interpretations when the police stop using it and search for power. (Perelman, 2017) believes that one reason of why blacks are more possibly to be one of the targets for stopping and searching for conventions is because of their high street crime rate. Therefore, the police have reason to suspect that they are abnormal. Nevertheless, in reply to these disapprovals, according to Dyer, believes that utilization of the zero-tolerance patrolling is a form of indirect discrimination against the ethnic minorities as its intents are biased. Also, it imparts the police a justification to misuse their power by disproportionately aiming blacks as well as other ethnic sections (Dyer, 2016). A race is powerful as well as the transparent lens by which to rethink the relationship amid mass imprisonment plus American democracy. For two causes, it makes sense to introduce the game to the future. First, there is overwhelming racial discrimination in all aspects of the offence