ASSIGNMENT 2: Essay Written Assessment: You are required to write a formal academic essay. The essay will require an introduction, body, conclusion and reference list. All in-text citations must have...

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Introduction    2
Learning outcomes    3
Conclusion    6
Reference    7
Introduction
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM), an integrated, biopsychosocial model, addresses a person's willingness to participate in new, healthier behaviors as well as the process of purposeful behavior change (Johnson et al,2017). The TTM combines the most advantageous components from several theories into a comprehensive change model. Other behavior change models, on the other hand, focus solely on one aspect of change, such as social factors, psychological issues, or physical traits (Liu et al,2018).
The transtheoretical model states that there are six steps involved in changing health behavior: stage 1, pre-contemplation, stage 2, contemplation, stage 3, preparation, stage 4, action, stage 5, and stage 6, termination (Liu et al,2018). Ten change processes, together with different decisions
- making balance, self-efficacy, and temptation, have been acknowledged as significant drivers of advancement (Raihan & Cogburn,2021).
A 20-year-old woman named Claudia is the subject of the case study, and she is concerned about her drinking because she recently found out she is pregnant. Claudia is currently at Stage 3, or the "preparation" stage, of the transtheoretical change model from the standpoint of the healthcare provider (Raihan & Cogburn,2021). Knowing Claudia, guiding her through the stages of metamorphosis, and getting her to stage 5 are all of the HCP's responsibilities (maintenance). In order to better understand how TTM will benefit Claudia's pregnancy and alcoholism, this assignment will go over the many stages of TTM in her situation (Magill et al,2018).
Learning outcomes
Erik Erikson, a psychiatrist and psychologist, created the "Stages of Psychosocial Development" theory during the 1950s (Orenstein and Lewis,2021). It compared the many stages of infant development and expanded Freud's idea of psychosexual development into adulthood. The idea offers a sequence of eight distinct phases of human development that are influenced by the external world, genetics, and the environment (Raihan & Cogburn,2021).
Erikson identified eight distinct stages of development, each one a natural progression from the one before it. A crisis always needs to be addressed immediately. Those who overcome adversity emerge stronger psychologically and emotionally, making them more equipped to deal with similar situations in the future (Sanchez, 2019). The first stage, characterized by the development of trust or mistrust, occurs between the ages of 12 and 18 months, roughly coinciding with a child's birth. Between the ages of 18 months and three years old, children go through a period of transition known as the second stage, which centers on the struggle between independence and feelings of shame and uncertainty (Johnson et al,2017). The third phase, spanning ages three to five, is characterized by a struggle between a sense of initiative and a sense of guilt. Fifth through twelfth-graders are in Stage 4, which pits superiority to industry. Adolescence, the fifth stage, is characterized by a struggle between the development of a strong sense of self and the onset of adulthood, typically between the ages of 12 and 18 (Raihan & Cogburn,2021). Intimacy vs seclusion characterizes Stage 6, which occurs between the ages of 18 and 40. Generational vitality vs. complacency between the ages of 40 and 65 is the seventh stage, while integrity vs. hopelessness after the age of 65 rounds out the life course (Sanchez, 2019).
Based on this model, Claudia is in Stage 6: Close Relationships vs. Isolation. When individuals can recognize oneself in what you are saying, they tend to agree with friends or family members (Sanchez, 2019). Those who have finally come to terms with themselves are in a position to truly connect with others. Focus on your relationships with people right now. The contemporary psychological challenge, according to Erikson, is forging stable, committed love relationships (Syed & McLean,2022). Healthy couples finish this period with ties that are based on trust and love.
According to this theory, those who struggled to successfully finish the stage before and who don't have a strong sense of who they are much less likely to successfully make long-lasting connections (Brown et al,2015). They are more likely to experience loneliness and hopelessness when they don't have a strong social network.
Despite being created to treat alcohol misuse, motivational interviewing (MI) is widely used in a variety of disciplines, including medical...