Assignment 1 ENG 8101 – Technological impact and its management Assignment 1 Technology case study Description Marks out of Wtg (%) Due date Technology case study XXXXXXXXXXApr 2019 Objectives This...

Running Head: ASSIGNMENT
ASSIGNMENT
15
ASSIGNMENT
Executive Summary:
The Internet, or sometimes simply called as “the Net”, is defined as a global network of computers which functions to(Leiner,2009) transmit data via different types of media. It uses standardized communication protocols to not only provide a vast amount of information, but also acts as a means of communication. The connection between various computers is established by setting up routers and servers. The “backbone” of the Internet, are the high-speed fibre optic cables, which ensure that the bulk of internet data travel swiftly, are owned by the telephone companies of the respective countries. It thus serves as a means of global exchange of information, which includes information related to business, academics, public, private or government networks.
Table of contents:
Executive Summary ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Question 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Question 2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
Question 3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Question 4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
References ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
Introduction:
The research is about the how the technology internet has changed our society and what are the effects of the same in the real world. How it is affecting the lifestyle and how is it changing the way information is transferred to one place to another. Also we will see that how managers need to be trained and what are the requirements to maintain healthy work environment concerning the usage of internet in the work place.
1) Define the selected technology and describe its history from creation to the present. Illustrate with appropriate diagrams and charts if relevant.
The history of internet dates back to the 1950s(Segal,1995) when the first electronic computers were developed. The US department of Defence awarded contracts as early as 1960s, to provide for a means of collaboration between business and government laboratories.
The US Department of Defence in 1958, launched the Advanced Research Projects Agency(ARPA), currently known as the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA), which led to the creation of the internet as we know it today.
In early days, the communication of data and voice was based on circuit switching, wherein there was an end to end electronic communication between two communication devices or stations, which could be telephones or computers. This temporarily dedication connection was further composed of many intermediate lines which formed a chain from the origin to the destination. However, packets switching(Marson,1997) allowed a network to share a single communication link for communication between more than pair of receivers and transmitters. Donald Davies (National Physics Laboratory, UK) independently used packet switching to develop a local area network. It was called as the NPL network. This concept was later utilised by Larry Roberts for the development of The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) wide area network. Subsequently, Leonard Kleinrock developed the mathematical theory behind the functioning the packet switching technology. The first link using ARPANET was established between University of California, Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute in the October of 1969. BY 1981, the numbers of hosts connected via the ARPANET grew considerably. The ARPANET thus became the predecessor for the Internet. The early ARPANET used the Network Control Program(NCP), which was later replaced by the much faster and flexible TCP/IP protocols. Other networks, such as The Merit Network(Michigan), CYCLADES (France), X.25 and others were also being developed simultaneously. By 1973, a common internetwork protocol had been developed, as a result of which the hosts became responsible for reliability rather than the network, as in the ARPANET. The resulting common internetwork protocol was called as RFC 675- Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program. Consequently, it was possible to reduce the role of network to a minimum, which made it possible to join numerous network of different characteristics together. The Stanford Research Institute conducted its first demonstration for a gateway for Packet Radio Network in the San Francisco Bay area and the ARPANET in the late 1970s. The final form of TCP/IP emerged in mid-late 1978, and was called as “IPv4” which uses 32-bit addresses, which is now being replaced by its successor “IPv6”, which uses 128-bit addresses, thus providing a huge increase in address space.
Since, the ARPANET based(Odlyzko,2003) network was funded by the government, it was restricted to non-commercial uses such as in research. In the 1980s, the connection was expanded to include a large number of educational institutions, as also a growing number of companies such as Hewlett-Packard. Subsequently, other branches of the US government started working on developing a successor for the ARPANET, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) developed the NASA Science Network, NSF (National Science Foundation) developed CSNET and DOE (Department of Energy) developed the Energy Sciences Network or ESNet.
In 1986, The NSF created the a 56kbit/s backbone network, the NSFNET, a which was developed to support the NSF-sponsored supercomputer centres. It also provided a means for the connection between university and college campus networks with regional networks. It was later upgraded to 1.5Mbit/s in 1988. In 1991, the ARPANET was decommissioned owing to the existence of NSFNET and the creation of Federal Internet Exchanges(FIXes). The NSFNET was also upgraded to a 45Mbit/s version in the same year. In 1995, backbones operated by several Internet Service Providers replaced the NSFNET, which led to its decommissioning. The term “internet” was first used in the RFC that was published on the TCP protocol- RFC 675. It is an abbreviation for the term “internetwork”.
The first Internet service provider companies were formed in the late 1980s. Several companies like Portal Software, UUNET, Netcom and PSINET were established to provide regional research networks and an alternate network access to the public, which was the UUCP-based email and Usenet News to the public. “The World” was the first commercial dialup ISP opened in 1989 in the US. The Scientific and Advanced-Technology Act of 1992 by the US congress allowed the NSF to support access to computer networks by the research and education communities, thus permitting the connection of NSFNET with global networks. By 1990s, many new network service providers such as Alternet, CERFNet and many others started offering network access to commercial customers. The Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX), Metropolitan Area Exchanges(MAEs), and later Network Access Points (NAPs) served as the primary interconnections between many networks.
In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, and developed the world’s first web server and web browser called Worldwide Web in 1990,...