File attachedASSESSMENT BRIEF Subject Code and Title STAT6000: Statistics for Public Health...

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File attachedASSESSMENT BRIEF 	Subject Code and Title 	STAT6000: Statistics for Public Health 	Assessment 	Assessment 2: Assignment – Identifying and Interpreting Statistics in Research Articles 	Individual/Group 	Individual 	Length 	2000 	Learning Outcomes 	This assessment addresses the following learning outcomes: 1. Understand key concepts in statistics and the way in which both descriptive and inferential statistics are used to measure, describe and predict health and illness and the effects of interventions. 5. Apply key terms and concepts of statistics, including; sampling, hypothesis testing, validity and reliability, statistical significance and effect size. 6. Interpret the results of commonly used statistical tests presented in published literature. 	Submission 	 	Weighting 	 	Total Marks 	  ( STAT6000_Assessment Brief 2 ) ( Page  1   of  3 ) Instructions: This assessment requires you to read two articles and answer a series of questions in no more than 2000 words. Most public health and wider health science journals report some form of statistics. The ability to understand and extract meaning from journal articles, and the ability to critically evaluate the statistics reported in research papers are fundamental skills in public health. Paper 1: Lam, T., Liang, W., Chikritzhs, T., & Allsop, S. (2014). Alcohol and other drug use at school leavers' celebrations. Journal of Public Health, 36(3), 408-416. Retrieved from: http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/08/26/pubmed.fdt087.full.pdf+html Read the Lam et. al. (2014) research article and answer the following questions: 1. This paper presents two hypotheses. State the null and alternative hypothesis for each one, and describe the independent and dependent variables for each hypothesis. 2. What kind of sampling method did they use, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of recruiting participants in this way? 3. What are the demographic characteristics of the people in the sample? Explain by referring to the descriptive statistics reported in the paper. 4. What inferential statistics were used to analyse data in this study, and why? 5. What is the odds ratio for engaging in unprotected sex (compared with those who engaged in safety strategies with the greatest frequency)? Interpret this by explaining what the odds ratio is telling us, including any variables that were controlled for in the model. 6. How representative do you think the sample is of the national population of schoolies? Explain why. Paper 2: Wong, M. C., S., Leung, M. C., M., Tsang, C. S., H., . . . Griffiths, S. M. (2013). The rising tide of diabetes mellitus in a Chinese population: A population-based household survey on 121,895 persons. International Journal of Public Health, 58(2), 269-276. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.laureate.net.au/10.1007/s00038-012-0364-y Read the Wong et. al. (2014) paper and answer the following questions: 1. Describe the aims of the study. Can either aim be restated in terms of null and alternative hypotheses? Describe these where possible. 2. What are the demographic characteristics of the people in the sample? Explain by referring to the descriptive statistics reported in the paper. 3. What inferential statistics were used to analyse data in this paper, and why? 4. What did the researchers find when they adjusted the prevalence rates of diabetes for age and sex? 5. Interpret the odds ratios for self-reported diabetes diagnosis to explain who is at the greatest risk of diabetes. 6. What impact do the limitations described by the researchers have on the extent to which the results can be trusted, and why? Resources for Assessment 2 · Lam, T., Liang, W., Chikritzhs, T., & Allsop, S. (2014). Alcohol and other drug use at school leavers' celebrations. Journal of Public Health, 36(3), 408-416. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdt087. Retrieved from: http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/08/26/pubmed.fdt087.full.pdf+html · On Biostatistics and Clinical Trials (2012). Retrieved from: http://onbiostatistics.blogspot.com.au/2012/02/how-to-interpret-odds-ratios-that-are.html · Wong, M. C., S., Leung, M. C., M., Tsang, C. S., H., . . . Griffiths, S. M. (2013). The rising tide of diabetes mellitus in a chinese population: A population-based household survey on 121,895 persons. International Journal of Public Health, 58(2), 269-276. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.laureate.net.au/10.1007/s00038-012-0364-y

Suraj · Accepted Answer

Paper -1
1.
Null and Alternative Hypotheses:
There are two hypotheses in this paper which are states as follows. The first hypothesis is stated as follows:
 : The levels of AOD use at an end of school celebration and use at other peer-based social events are not same.
: The levels of AOD use at an end of school celebration and use at other peer-based social events are same.
The second hypothesis is stated as follows:
 : The experience of harms experienced at the celebrations to levels of use and engagement in harm-minimization strategies are not same.
 : The experience of harms experienced at the celebrations to levels of use and engagement in harm-minimization strategies are same.s
For the first hypotheses the dependent variable is level of AOD use at school celebrations and dependent variable is level of AOD use at other peer-based social events.
For the second hypotheses the dependent variable is harms experienced at the celebrations and independent variable is engagement in harm-minimization.
2.
Type of sampling:
In this project the method used for sampling is the two stage sampling. The method has many advantages and disadvantages. Which are described as follow:
Advantages:
1. This method is more flexible as compared to other methods of sampling.
2. It is simple to carry out and results in administrative convenience by permitting the field work to be concentrated.
Disadvantages are given as follows: 
1. The two stage sampling is generally less efficient than a suitable single stage sampling.
2. There are always the chances of the loss of the data.
3.
Demographic characteristics: 
The demographic characteristics of the people in the sample are the location of the celebration of school leavers, age of the students, the gender, total number of students sampled, students enrolled in independent school, type of survey and the time taken by any student to give the response in the sample. The information gained from the first survey is given as follows:
	Total people sampled(n)
	541
	Female
Male
	56%
44%
	Enrolled in independent school
	87%
	Sampled Age group 
	17 year (91%)
18 year (9%)
	95% CI mean time taken for online completion
	(14.79,16.49)
The demographic information gained from the second survey is given below: 
	Total people sampled (n)
	405
	Female
Male
	50%
50%
	Enrolled in independent school
	92%
	Sampled age group
	17 year (94%)
18 year (6%)
	Face to face sampled people
	86%
By referring to the table 1 of the paper the mean of the beverage specific for last event and average school leaver event day for males is higher as compared with the females.
4.
Statistical Analysis:
A series of Wilcoxon signed rank tests were performed to compare AOD use between the contexts of the last event and an average day at the leavers’ celebration.
This test is used because we don’t know about the distribution of the collected data and that’s why we use the non parametric test to implement our findings. Also, the both samples are paired in nature so this also the reason behind using the wilcoxon signed rank test.

ASSESSMENT BRIEF Subject Code and Title STAT6000: Statistics for Public Health Assessment Assessment 2: Assignment – Identifying and Interpreting Statistics in Research Articles Individual/Group...

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