As a maternal child specialist I am always concerned about the welfare of the children since they are our future. Consider this:
- How are school nurses providing primary, secondary, and tertiary level of health promotion to our children in the community setting?
- What are some of the variations of school services and school health programs that you have found in your community that are recurrently being endorsed and used in today’s Department of Education? What has been your experience as either a nurse or a parent in the school system?
- How can we further protect our children from “Bullying?
References please use as references
Foundations of Nursing in the Community (4th ed.) Stanhope, M. and Lancaster, J. (2014). Elsevier/Mosby.
Foundations of Nursing in the Community: Community-Oriented Practice, 2nd Edition Chapter 31 The Nurse in the Schools All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Objectives Discuss professional standards expected of school nurses. Differentiate between the many roles and functions of school nurses. Describe the different variations of school health services and coordinated school health programs. Assess the nursing care given in schools in terms of the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention. Identify future trends in school nursing. All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Introduction In 2012, more than 49.8 million children attended one of 132,200 schools every day. These children need health care during their school day, and this is the job of the school nurse. Approximately 45,000 school nurses are in the public schools alone. Parents highly satisfied with nursing services, especially if child has special health care needs All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. History of School Nursing Began in the late 1800s in England, the Metropolitan Association of Nursing provided medical examinations for children in the schools of London Federal Legislation of the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Education for All Handicapped Children Act Americans With Disabilities Act (1992) Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) (1997) Individualized education plans (IEPs) Individualized health plans (IHPs) No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Standards of Practice for School Nurses National Association of School Nurses (NASN) provides the general guidelines and support for all school nurses. Standards of professional practice Professional performance standards All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Standards of professional practice for school nurses include: assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Professional performance standards include: quality of practice, education, professional practice evaluation, collegiality, collaboration, ethics, research, resource utilization, leadership, and program management * Standards of Practice for School Nurses The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines state that school nurses should ensure the following: That children get the health care they need, including emergency care in the school That the nurse keeps track of the state-required vaccinations that children have received That the nurse carries out the required screening of the children based on state law That children with health problems are able to learn in the classroom All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Educational Credentials of School Nurses NASN and AAP recommends that school nurses: Be registered nurses licensed through the State Board of Nursing who also have bachelor’s degrees in nursing Also support state school nurse certification National Board for Certification of School Nurses (NBCSN) No general laws regarding the educational background of school nurses Some states require registered nurses, but licensed practical nurses are also seen in some schools. Only about 50% of all U.S. states require some form of additional study for school nurse specialty certification Advanced Practice Nurses also may work in the school setting All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Roles and Functions of School Nurses Give comprehensive nursing care to the children and the staff at the school. Coordinate the health education program of the school Consult with school officials to help identify and care for other persons in the community. Coordinate the health care of many students in their schools with the health care that children receive from their own health care providers All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * School Nurse Roles Direct caregiver Health educator Case manager Consultant Counselor Community Outreach Researcher All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. School Health Services Federal school health programs School Health Policies and Program Study 2006 School-based health programs Affordable Care Act of 2010 All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. School Nurses and Healthy People 2020 Several objectives directed toward the health of children Several objectives directed at the care nurses give to children in the schools Several objectives concerned with children with disabilities in the schools All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. The Levels of Prevention in the Schools Primary Prevention in the School Prevention of childhood injuries Safe Kids Campaign Substance abuse prevention education Disease prevention education Required vaccinations for schoolchildren All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. The Levels of Prevention in the Schools Secondary Prevention in the School Nursing care for emergencies in the school Emergency equipment in the school nurses’ office Giving medication in school Assessing and screening Screening for lice Identification of child abuse or neglect Communicating with health care providers Efforts to prevent suicide and other mental health problems Violence at school School Crisis Teams – responding to disasters All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. The Levels of Prevention in the Schools Tertiary Prevention in the Schools Individual Education Plan (IEP) Children with asthma Children with diabetes mellitus Children who are autistic Children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Children with special needs in the school Children with DNR orders Homebound children Pregnant teenagers and teen mothers All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Controversies in School Nursing Birth control education Giving birth control to students in the schools Opinions related to sex education and reproductive services All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Ethics in School Nursing Ethics in School Nursing The nurse must give nursing care to the student client and keep personal beliefs out of the discussion. If the nurse feels so strongly that he or she cannot work with the situation, another school nurse should be called for help. The student should be referred to other health providers who can give the care the student needs. All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Future Trends in School Nursing The amount of health care being given in the schools is increasing. Telehealth and telecounseling Online resources All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. * All items and derived items © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. *