ApplicationBiology of Asthma and Allergic DiseaseThe primary objective of this assignment is to...

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ApplicationBiology of Asthma and Allergic DiseaseThe primary objective of this assignment is to introduce you to the major biological concepts that are associated with asthma and allergic disease. This Application focuses on the role of various biological processes involved in the chronic illnesses of asthma and allergy. Complete the following steps.1.Read the article by Dale Umetsu and Rosemarie DeKruyff, "The Regulation of Allergy and Asthma."?Umetsu, D. T., & DeKruyff, R. H. (2006). The regulation of allergy and asthma. Immunological Reviews, 212(1), 238–255. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 21667826)2.Read Chapter 10, "The Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases" in the course text, Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues.3.Read a selection of the review articles presented below to gain a better or deeper understanding of the topic and help you choose a focus area. For your Application Assignment you must also find at least three primary research articles in your area of interest. You may use the review articles in your Application paper, but primary research is required for your research section. Using less than three primary research articles will result in a deduction of points.In the first application, you were given some focus areas. This time, you will do your own research to choose a biological focus; a specific area that interests you. Examples may include the "hygiene hypothesis," windows of exposure, nutrition and gastrointestinal flora, helminth infections, Tregs, and NKT cells. Read the appropriate optional articles, and then locate additional review and primary research articles on your area of interest.?Devereux, G. (2006). The increase in the prevalence of asthma and allergy: Food for thought. Nature Reviews Immunology, 6(11), 869–874. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 22848496)?Tantisira, K. G., & Weiss, S. T. (2006). The pharmacogenetics of asthma therapy. Current Drug Targets, 7(12), 1697–1708. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 23278588)?Umetsu, D. T., Meyer, E. H., & DeKruyff, R. H. (2007). Natural killer T cells regulate the development of asthma. International Reviews of Immunology, 26(1/2), 121–140. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 24515668)?Wohlleben, G., & Erb, K. J. (2006). Immune stimulatory strategies for the prevention and treatment of asthma. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 12(25), 3281–? 3292. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 22139036)?Yeatts, K., Sly, P., Shore, S., Weiss, S., Martinez, F., & Geller, A. et al. (2006). A brief targeted review of susceptibility factors, environmental exposures, asthma incidence, and recommendations for future asthma incidence research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(4), 634–640. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 20814567)4.Write a five page (body; double-spaced) review of the topic from a public health biology perspective. In your review, include the following:i.Explain the biological basis of asthma and allergic disease, including an introduction to your chosen focus area;ii.Discuss some of the recent (within five years) and current research on the biological focus area you chose, including study aim, methods, and results of the studies you discuss;iii.Explain the value and application of the above research findings to public health, citing the studies as needed, and providing some examples of how this information is or can be used in public health policy, programs, and practice.Your paper must provide APA-formatted references for all resources used and adhere to APA style and format. APA style headers will be expected for the three subsections of biological basis, research, and public health application. Use subheaders as needed. A title page and a reference page is required. An abstract is optional. Use your APA manual, or get help from the Writing Center if you need it.

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Running head: PATHOGENIC ROLES OF NKT CELLS IN ALLERGIC ASTHMA            1
Pathogenic Roles of NKT Cells in Allergic Asthma 
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Pathogenic Roles of NKT Cells in Allergic Asthma 
Abstract 
The severity of Asthma could be recognized via the fact that only in USA more than 25 million 
people are victim of this disease out of which, 7 million are children. Allergic asthma can be 
termed as; the most frequent form of asthma. Because of such high incidence rate of this illness, 
researchers are continuously trying to discover factors responsible for it out of which, NKT cells 
are center of attraction these days. This article deals with biological basis of allergic ailments 
like; asthma and relevant pathogenic factors with key emphasis over NKT cells. Additionally, 
current research findings and their potential relevance in development of public health policy, 
programs, and practices have also been discussed here.
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Pathogenic Roles of NKT Cells in Allergic Asthma 
Asthma and Allergic Diseases: Biological Basis  
and Pathogenic Factors 
 Allergy means; an acquired potential for emergent adverse response which is mediated 
immunologically. For instance; Atopy (an unfavorable immune reaction that involves IgE 
antibodies) can be called the strongest identifiable influencing factor for progression of ailments 
involving asthma (Anderson, 2008).  
 Asthma may be defined as; a chronic inflammatory ailment of the airways that could be 
distinguished by airway hindrance (which is at least to some extent reversible with or with no 
medicine) and airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) to an array of stimuli. Because of such sensitivity, 
Asthmatic patients might be troubled by frequent and unstable symptoms of breathless, 
wheezing, cough and chest stiffness.  
 There are several factors responsible for asthma (involving genetic and environmental 
ones) out of which, one that is able to describe several characteristics of asthma is a newly 
illustrated cell type known as; Natural Killer T (NKT) cells that include a small population of 
lymphocytes which express traits of both NK cells and conservative T cells. Expression of a 
lineage specific transcription factor PLZF can also be performed by most NKT cells (Kim et al., 
2009). Besides, these might express an invariant T cell receptor (TCR) too which is renowned as; 
Vα14 in mice and Vα24 in humans. This TCR can identify glycolipid instead of peptide antigens 
and is extremely preserved in most of the species of mammals. Such conservation suggests that it 
must be a pattern identification receptor and evolution of NKT cells should have been happened 
to perform an important task in innate immunity. Moreover, when NKT cells get activated via 
this preserved TCR then quick production of cytokines (such as; IFN-γ and IL-4) that are able to  
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Pathogenic Roles of NKT Cells in Allergic Asthma 
trigger dendritic cells, macrophages, NK cells, T cells and B cells can be monitored. These 
cytokines may also ensure the progress of adaptive immunity. Immediate production of 
cytokines through NKT cells can also control the advancement of cancer, autoimmunity, 
infectious diseases, and asthma (Stock et al., 2009).  
 Such diverse roles of NKT cells might be described through the presence of numerous 
dissimilar subsets of these cells which can be determined via expression of CD-4 by them or 
through their cytokine profiles. In addition to above, expression of invariant TCR or of other 
non-invariant TCRs can also assist in verification of these cells (Wenzel et al., 2007) 
NKT Cells and Development of Allergic Asthma: Current 
Researches 
 How NKT cells are needed for progression of Asthma this can be understood with the 
help of researches based on the mouse models. For instance; in a research study,

Application Biology ofAsthma and Allergic Disease The primaryobjective of this assignment is to introduce you to the major biologicalconcepts that are associated with asthma and allergic disease....

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