ALL THE DETAIL IN THE ATTACH Document Preview:  HYPERLINK "https://online.ivytech.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/launchLink.jsp?course_id=_377645_1&content_id=_9692908_1&mode=view" Session 13...

ALL THE DETAIL IN THE ATTACH


Session 13 Discussion One of the great challenges for psychology as a field, and specifically in the domain of psychological disorders, is defining what is normal as opposed to abnormal. This will be the topic of your discussion. Thomas Szasz was a psychiatrist who was highly critical of the fields of psychology and psychiatry. In 1960 he published a very controversial critique of these fields. This critique is linked below: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Szasz/myth.htm Read your textbook section on criteria for abnormal behavior, and read Szasz's article. Then, discuss how you believe society defines psychological abnormality, and how you would define psychological abnormality. To what extent do you agree or disagree with Szasz? Replay about 250 words The Book we using Experience Psychology , Laura King ,2nd ed I will attach the PP for this CH PowerPoint Presentation Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Chapter Preview This chapter covers a lot of the material that you probably thought of when you signed up for a psychology class. In this chapter you’ll learn about the challenge of defining abnormality, the tools used to do so, and the different categories and symptoms of psychological disorders. As usual, this is just a study guide; be sure to use this to focus your attention on your reading of the textbook Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Abnormal Behavior Abnormality can be difficult to define For our purposes, your book is focused on mental illness that affects or is manifested in the brain and can affect thinking, behavior, and interaction with others May be deviant - atypical and culturally unacceptable May be maladaptive - interfering with effective functioning May be personally distressful Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Theoretical Approaches Biological approach Attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal causes Medical model Describes psychological disorders as medical diseases Mental illnesses of patients treated by doctors Psychological approach Emphasizes contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Theoretical Approaches Sociocultural approach Emphasizes social contexts in which person lives Stresses cultural influences on understanding and treatment of psychological disorders Biopsychosocial approach Mental illness represents a unique combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Classification Systems The Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) is a book published by American Psychiatric Association and used as the primary classification system for psychological disorders in U.S. It provides a common basis for communicating Can help make predictions May benefit person suffering from symptoms But, by providing labels it may also create stigma Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 DSM-IV Classification Disorders in the DSM are classified along five axes, or dimensions Axis I  Most diagnostic categories Axis II  Personality disorders & mental retardation Axis III  General medical conditions Axis IV  Psychosocial and environmental problems Axis V  Current level of functioning Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 DSM-IV: Critiques Classifies individuals based on symptoms, without regard to theories behind them Uses medical terminology based on the medical model Thus, it assumes mental disorders are a form of disease, a point on which not all people agree regarding all disorders Implies internal cause, relatively independent of environmental factors Focuses strictly on pathology and problems Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 DSM-V A new edition of the DSM, DSM-V, is due out in 2013, and it’s subject to much controversy Switch to dimensional approach – where disorders will be graded on a scale rather than an either/or set of symptoms Some disorders will be dropped, others added Changes in some disorders are unpopular Implementation of “Risk syndromes” may help identify people at risk for disorders, but may lead to overdiagnosis Some divisions of the American Psychological Association have started petitions to stop the American Psychiatric Association from moving ahead with DSM-V, but this is unlikely to prevent its publication and usage Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Disorders The bulk of this study guide will focus on the major disorder categories, and major disorders within those categories Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Anxiety Disorders Involve fears that are: Uncontrollable Disproportionate to actual danger Disruptive of ordinary life Feature anxiety symptoms, including: Motor tension Hyperactivity Apprehensive expectations and thoughts Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder Phobic disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Persistent anxiety for at least 6 months Unable to specify reasons for the anxiety Etiology (cause) may include a combination of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Panic Disorder Recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror Often occur without warning and no specific cause Etiology may include a combination of biological, psychological and cognitive factors, but primary focus in research is understanding how alert systems in the brain and body may overreact to environmental threat cues Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Phobic Disorder Irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of particular object or situation More than just a strong fear, it’s typically manifested in panic-type symptoms Social phobia Intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations Etiology, like other anxiety disorders, is both biological and psychological Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder including: Obsessions Recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts Compulsions Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors Checking, cleansing, counting Typically the compulsions are used to try to alleviate anxiety caused by the obsessions Etiology – biological and psychological Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Long-term anxiety disorder in which anxiety develops because of exposure to a traumatic event that overwhelms abilities to cope (usually with potential threat to one’s life) Symptoms may include: Flashbacks Avoiding emotional experiences Reduced ability to feel emotions Excessive arousal Difficulties with memory and concentration Feelings of apprehension Impulsive outbursts of behavior Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Can follow trauma immediately or be delayed Common causes of PTSD include: Combat and war-related traumas Sexual abuse and assault Natural disasters Unnatural disasters Etiology focuses on trauma experienced and psychological/biological responses to it Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Mood Disorders Primary disturbance of mood, or prolonged emotion that colors emotional state Depressive disorders Major depressive disorder Dysthymic disorder Bipolar disorder Can include cognitive, behavioral, and somatic (physical) symptoms Note: different from anxiety disorders, which will trigger heightened levels of arousal Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Depressive Disorders Depression Unrelenting lack of pleasure in life Major depressive disorder Significant depressive episode (five of nine symptoms) and depressed characteristics for at least two weeks Impaired daily functioning Dysthymic disorder More chronic and with fewer (two of six) symptoms than major depression Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Depressive Disorders: Etiology Biological factors Genetic influences. brain structures, neurotransmitters Psychological factors Learned helplessness – a self-fulfilling cycle in which a person learns that they are helpless to change the bad circumstances of life, so they stop trying, which in turn guarantees things get worse Cognitive explanations – how we mentally frame the things that happen in life Sociocultural factors Socioeconomic status (SES) Social expectations vary by gender Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Bipolar Disorder Extreme mood swings, including one or more episodes of mania Overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state Multiple cycles of depression interspersed with mania Etiology Genetic influences and biological processes play a major role Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Eating Disorders Characterized by extreme disturbances in eating behavior Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Binge eating disorder Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Anorexia Nervosa Relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation Weighing less than 85% of normal weight Intense fear of gaining weight Distorted body image – may not perceive themselves the way others do Very difficult to treat, as those who have it may be in denial, and see it as a pursuit of perfection Can lead to physical changes, serious complications (e.g. organ failure), and death Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Bulimia Nervosa Binge-and-purge eating pattern Preoccupation with food Strong fear of becoming overweight Depression or anxiety Differs from anorexia in that the person may not be underweight Difficult to detect People may engage in this because of a high level of perfectionism coupled with low self-efficacy; thus, the bulimia gives a sense of control Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Anorexia & Bulimia: Etiology Sociocultural factors (e.g. media emphasis on weight) Previously believed to be central determinants No longer sole focus Biological factors Of increasing focus in research Genes and regulation of serotonin are suspected to be important Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Binge-Eating Disorder Recurrent episodes of eating large amounts of food Lack of control over eating Symptomology – typically overweight or obese Experience of guilt and shame after binge episodes Biological factors Genes and dopamine (typically tied to pleasure) Psychological factors Stress Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Dissociative Disorders Dissociation Psychological states of disconnection from immediate experience Dissociative disorders Involve sudden loss of memory or changes in identity, under extreme stress or shock Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Dissociative identity disorder Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Dissociative Amnesia & Fugue Amnesia Inability to recall important events Dissociative amnesia Extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress These differ from psychogenic amnesia, which has a known biological cause. Dissociative fugue Amnesia, plus traveling away from home and assuming new identity Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Dissociative Identity Disorder Formerly called multiple personality disorder Two or more distinct personalities or selves Each has its own memories, behaviors, relationships One personality dominates at one time Wall of amnesia separates personalities Shift between personalities occurs under distress Exceptionally high rate of sexual or physical abuse during early childhood Majority are women Genetic predisposition may exist, but primary theoretical understanding is in Freudian repression Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Dissociative Disorders These are very controversial. Dissociative amnesia and fugue states often are found to actually be malingering (faking) in people who are trying to evade responsibility for things in life. Some argue that Dissociative Identity Disorder may often be a product of bad therapeutic practice, wherein therapist expectations interact with highly suggestible clients to create a situation where the client creates symptoms cued by the therapist. Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is an umbrella term for a group of disorders characterized by highly disordered thought processes Psychotic or far removed from reality Positive symptoms – presence of abnormal behavior Marked by distortion or excess of normal function Negative symptoms – absence of normal behavior Reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and loss or decrease of normal functions Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms Hallucinations Sensory experiences in absence of real stimuli Often auditory Delusions False, unusual, or magical beliefs Not part of individual’s culture Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2013 Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms Thought disorder Unusual, sometimes bizarre thought processes