Additional Instructions
1. You must put each argument in standard logical form as categorical syllogisms. This means that you must
use the variables S,P, and M. The S,P, and M must appear in the appropriate locations in the argument.
You must also provide either a dictionary or an instance along with the form. Your reader needs to know
what S, P, and M stand for. And you need this when you explain why each statement is true or false.
2. The terms for S,P and M may be fairly long. You will be using terms such as ‘arguments with mood and
figure EIO-3’. This is longer than ‘cats’ and ‘dogs’.
3. The first argument is an enthymeme. You are not given all three statements. You will need to infer the
missing statement. Use the hints. Remember, in this class, you should infer the missing statement so that
you end up with a valid form. The second argument is not an enthymeme and it is invalid.
4. When you discuss OAO-3 and OAE-2, you are required to give the forms (at least once.) I want to see that
you can provide the form when given a mood and figure. If I do not see the form, I will mark down.
Generally, we cannot reconstruct a form from Salmon’s rules (the same set can apply to more than one
form.) Do not present these forms before you discuss why certain premises are true or false. If you discuss
these forms before you present either arguments (a) or (b) in standard logical form, then it shows that
you do not know how to analyze arguments. You are muddling your discussion.
5. When you discuss why each premise and each conclusion for each argument is true or false, give a
paragraph for each statement. This way, you are less likely to skimp on the discussion. Do not discuss
premise 2 before premise 1 and do not discuss both premises and the conclusion in one big paragraph.
Discuss the material in detail—your reader should not have to infer anything.
6. Give examples when relevant. We are training you to give examples. The examples are the proof or
evidence that often justifies your explanation. Your examples should be categorical syllogisms.
7. You do not need to obvert, contrapose, or convert any statement.
8. Arguments are generally single-spaced and indented. Other than this, I don’t worry about whether you
double-space or single-space material. Do not present an argument in this way: all cats are dogs. No dogs
are mice. Thus, no mice are cats.
Present arguments in this way:
All cats are dogs
No dogs are mice
No mice are catsPaper topic 1 Contrast the notions of truth and validity in terms of the following two arguments: (a) No sound arguments are valid for all valid arguments are arguments with mood and figure OAO-3 (b) No valid arguments are arguments with mood and figure OAE-2 and some arguments with true premises and a true conclusion are not valid so we may infer that some arguments with mood and figure OAE-2 are arguments with true premises and a true conclusion. Put both arguments in standard logical form and provide the mood and figure for each syllogism. You do not have to explain how you put either argument in standard logical form— just do it. (While the first syllogism mentions OAO-3 and the second syllogism mentions OAE-2, neither syllogism (a) nor (b) has these forms. They have different forms.) Determine the validity or invalidity of syllogism (a) and (b) by using both a Venn diagram and Salmon's rules (you must use all three of Salmon's rules.)(I don’t worry about the line separating the premises from the conclusion.
9. Good writing counts. Your paper should be clear and well-organized