According to early research from Tolman's laboratory--for example, the latent learning experiment (Tolman & Honzik, 1930) and Tinklepaugh's bait-and-switch experiment with monkeys (Tinklepaugh,...

According to early research from Tolman's laboratory--for example, the latent learning experiment (Tolman & Honzik, 1930) and Tinklepaugh's bait-and-switch experiment with monkeys (Tinklepaugh, 1928)--rewarding outcomes motivate behavior and do not merely reinforce. Where did this idea go from there? Use concepts like incentive motivation, paradoxical reward effects, and Pavlovian -instrumental transfer to give a modern view of how rewards motivate.