Abstract and Final Submission
In this unit, you will work on the last piece of your final research paper in which you will compose and submit an informative abstract along with the other pieces of your paper which you have been working on in Units II through VI. Within your research paper template, place the abstract after your title page. Your abstract must be at least 200 words in length and no more than 300 words.
Before submitting your final paper, take some time to review each section and correct any remaining issues based on your professor’s feedback. Once you are certain that your paper is in its completed form, please submit the entire paper in the assignment area within Blackboard.
Follow APA Style when constructing this assignment, including a title page, an abstract, and in-text citations and references for all sources that are used. Your final research paper must consist of at least 10 pages, not including your title page and reference pages.
The Effects of Depression and Parental Abuse Abstract The Effects of Depression In Both Children and Adolescents Depression is a major public health concern especially for those who have suffered from childhood abuse and for those in their adolescent years. The damaging effects of depression due to childhood abuse on mental health as an adult is a big concern. It is also a big concern for adolescents as the episodes they experience are linked with negative consequences later in adolescence such as academic difficulties, and nonsuicidal self-injury, and this can carry on into adulthood. This can affect them well into adulthood and those negative consequences can be life altering (Auerbach, 2015). Depression, a mental health disorder, as a result of childhood abuse affects about 46% of those with depression based of a study that was published in the American Journal of Psychiatry (KVC Hospitals, 2021). The research behind this study has also found that those who were abused as children were more likely to have a severe mood disorders, such as greater depression severity and an increased and prolonged depressive episode (KVC Hospitals, 2021). According to KVC Hospitals, it is important to have trauma-informed treatment that can help children who have been abused. This treatment considers past trauma when trying to give effective behavioral healthcare. With a trauma-informed approach, a child’s treatment focuses on providing safe environments, practicing self-regulation and cognitive processing skills (2021). With depression in adolescents a recent epidemiological data shows that about 11 percent of youth will experience depression, and this can carry on into adulthood where an alarming 75 percent of those experiencing depression during adolescence will attempt suicide as adults. However, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has emerged as a well-established treatment for depression in children and adolescents. Although there is not an absolute treatment for adolescent suicide attempters CBT has been a widely researched psychotherapy approach treatment to treating depression in adolescents (Auerbach, 2015). Using CBT to help adolescents with their depression as they become adults with suicidal attempts. What is the correlation between parental abuse and adolescent depression? I hypothesize that children with parental abuse suffer from depression and anxiety. Which signifies a positive correlation between parental abuse and repression among adolescent children. If parents could put a halt to adolescent depression in their children knowing that they have a lot to do with it, why wouldn’t they parent differently? In the world we currently live in, life can be overwhelming and even though most parents want the best for their children it’s very hard for them to parent perfectly. Literature review The relationship between the parental psychological abuse and the children mental health problems was studied by Rizvi (2014) by statistical analysis of the data collected from 300 participants (13-17 years) studying in Lahore schools. The mental status of the children in the study was assessed by Psychological maltreatment experience scale (PMES) and Youth Self-report and correlational research design was used to study the relationship between the parental psychological abuse and the adolescent mental health (Rizvi & Najam, 2014). The study of the Rizvi (2014) has provided an evidence that that non-injurious psychological abuse of any kind i.e. either mother abuse or the father abuse has direct effects on the mental health in adolescents. Depression is one of the mental health disorders and is the utmost concern among the adolescents that leads to the impairments and increased number of deaths. the studies of Kalufus (2022), it was understood that the increased rates of the anxiety and depression are being observed in the early adolescence. Because, the increased levels of the depression and anxiety results in the impairments in day-to-day activities and suicidal ideation among some children. They have conducted a questionnaire survey from nearly 53,894 secondary school pupils (13-15 years) in Netherlands from 2018-2019 to analyze the non-fatal disease burden and its relation with the suicidal ideation (Kalufus et.al., 2022). The youth were grouped into two categories based on the chronic conditions with consequences and those with chronic conditions but not associated consequences, the analysis was performed by considering of post-stratification weights for each disorder and have concluded that the girls are more vulnerable to the disabilities than boys and also stated that the disease burden is directly associated with the depression accompanied by suicidal ideation among girls. Hence, from this study it was understood that anxiety and depression are also associated with the poor mental health outcomes among adolescents. The study of the Thapar (2012) has summarized that the unipolar depressive disorder in the adolescence is associated with the increased disease burden across the low-income and middle-income countries. The risk factors associated with the increased risk of the depression among the adolescents are family history, hereditary, hormones, and developmental factors (Thapar et.al., 2012). Depression is a cluster of the mental disorders is associated with both social and educational impairments and leads to increased addiction of smoking, alcohol etc. and may result in the increased risk of obesity and the obesity associated co-morbidities. The children who were exposed to war, stressful life, family psychological abuse etc. may result in the multiple trauma are more vulnerable to the depression and the prevention of the depression by antidepressants, psychological counselling and other methods will minimize the disease burden and improves the positive health outcomes among the adolescents. A cross-sectional study to analyze the life satisfaction, depression, anxiety and stress among 491 adolescent girls from the Tehran, Iran was conducted by Hoseini-Esfidarjani (2022). Multi-stage sampling followed by the questionnaires survey was used to collect the data about the mental status of the girls. From the statistical analysis of regression, the researchers have concluded that the many of the enrolled participants have experienced one or the other symptoms of dissatisfaction with life (30 %), depression, anxiety or stress (Hoseini-Esfidarjani et.al. 2022). The increased life satisfaction by various intervention will improve the mental health status of the girls. The impact of the child maltreatment due to parental job loss in COVID-19 pandemic and the effect of the cognitive reframing was studied by Lawson (2020). They have collected the data from the online questionaries’ associated with the COVID-19 experiences from 342 parents and analyzed by using either Parent-child Conflict Scale or the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales (Lawson et.al., 2020). The regression analysis was employed to study the impact of the predictors- whether the children were psychologically maltreated or they are abused physically by considering of various factors such as the parent mental health status, gender and age of both parent and child, financial status and concluded that the parents who lost job have more depressive symptoms that resulted in the maltreatment of the children and physical abuse. It was also understood that with the application of the reframing coping there is decrease in the physical abuse of the children and also decreased implications of the maltreatment were analyzed. Hence, it was understood that the depression is associated with various risk factors of socio-economic status, family relationships, age, gender etc. which at the early stage prevention by various health interventions will improve the child mental health. Taillieu et.al. (2016) has stated that child maltreatment is a public health concern and to examine the impact of the emotional abuse and emotional neglect on the mental health of the children, they have collected the children data (34,653) native to United states. The inclusion factors considered for this emotional abuse and emotional neglect are family history, sociodemographic characteristics, lifetime diagnosis with either or both of the Axis I and Axis II mental disorders by collecting the data from National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Condition for the time period 2004-2005 (Taillieu et.al., 2016). Form the data analysis it was reported that the emotional neglect is most prevalent than the child abuse accounting for 6.2%. Emotional abuse has active impact on the child mental health with increased odds of Axis I and Axis II mental disorders. Whereas, the Emotional abuse has a passive impact and less impact on the child mental health when compared with the Emotional neglect. From the cross-sectional studies of the Thoresen et.al. (2015), it was understood that the childhood violence has direct impacts on the adult victimisation and adult mental health. A evidence based study was conducted by cross-sectional telephone survey of the Norwegian adult population (Women – 2,4335 and men- 2,092) regarding the childhood and adulthood exposure to violence Thoresen et.al., 2015). Hopkins Symptoms Check List was used to measure the levels of anxiety or depression among the adults. Their study has concluded that the childhood violence against sexual abuse, parental physical violence and lifetime forcible rape have 2.2-5 times higher impacts on the adult victimisation and depression due to child neglect. This adult victimisation can be prevented by improving the mental health by various prevention strategies will have a positive impact on health of the individuals. In the views of Arslan (2016), the mediating role of resilience and self-esteem in the psychological maltreatment. The psychological maltreatment is used for predicting the emotional and behavioural problems as it is have a negative impacts on the child health during their development. Besides negative impact on the adolescent health, the psychological maltreatment increases the adult vulnerability to depression, suicidal tendency and post-traumatic stress disorders (Arslan, 2016). Hence, to overcome this Arslan has conducted the random study among 1352 school students in Isparta, Turkey. From their descriptive statistical analysis of the data that there is partial mediation between the resilience and self-esteem in the adolescent psychological behavioural and emotional problems. Hence, from this based on the resilience and self-esteem, a proper prevention programs will be chosen to minimise the negative impact on the mental health problems of the adolescents. In this context of the pandemic, as per the evidence from various reports it was understood that there is a rise in the adverse childhood experiences due to increased family stress. Calvano et.al. (2021) has provided an evidence-based study to summarise the impact of the parental stress and mental health impact during COVID-19 on the mental health of the children by conducting a representative survey among 1024 German parents. They have concluded that there is an increase in the stress levels due to closure of the schools and the childcare facilities. 12.3 % of the parents have reported depressive symptoms whereas, 9.7 % of them have reported anxiety which has driven them for increased in the Domestic violence and Verbal emotional abuse (Calvano et.al., 2021). The other reasons for increase in the child abuses are due to loss of jobs which is a major concern and they can concluded that increased parental stress during the global pandemic COVID-19 is one of the major factor for the increase in the mental impairments in the children. Schickedanz et.al. (2018) has investigated the child behavioural problem and its association with their parents history. The adverse childhood experiences during the early childhood of the parents is associated with the long-term behavioural problems and the chronic illness (Schickedanz et.al. 2018). They have analysed