(a) What is the difference between describing behavior and explaining that behavior? What is the best way to prevent reasoning from becoming circular? (Hint: If a theorist concludes that extraverts...

(a) What is the difference between describing behavior and explaining that behavior? What is the best way to prevent reasoning from becoming circular? (Hint: If a theorist concludes that extraverts seek external stimulation because they have low levels of cortical brain arousal that need to be increased, whereas introverts avoid crowds and noise because they have high levels of cortical arousal that will become painful if increased, why is this reasoning not circular?) (b) Why does psychological research rely on such techniques as drawing samples from populations and using inferential statistics?