A study conducted in the early 1970s showed depression and alienation to be the primary effects of institutionalization among elderly couples whose children had migrated to other countries and hence...

A study conducted in the early 1970s showed depression and alienation to be the primary effects of institutionalization among elderly couples whose children had migrated to other countries and hence were unable to give them physical care and support. The same study when conducted in the 1990s may not have had a similar inference because this had become a more ­common phenomenon by then. More youngsters were migrating due to a greater availability of educational and professional ­opportunities, and institutional care had also started focusing on age-specific recreation. Which ­validity did the first study not have?

a.            Population validity

b.            Ecological validity

c.             Temporal validity

d.            Treatment validity

e.            Outcome validity