(a) Research by Spencer, Steele, and Quinn XXXXXXXXXXand Steele (1997) found that when women think there are sex differences on a test, they do worse. When women were told that there were no gender...

(a) Research by Spencer, Steele, and Quinn (1999) and Steele (1997) found that when women think there are sex differences on a test, they do worse. When women were told that there were no gender differences in performance on the test, they did as well as men.